SEASONAL CYCLE AND BIOLOGY OF WINTHEMIA RUFOPICTA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) AS A PARASITE OF HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN NORTH CAROLINA

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Developmental Rates ◽  
Local Host ◽  
Heliothis Spp ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe first adult generation of Winthemia rufopicta (Big.) emerged during April in North Carolina, males preceding the females by about a week. This was several weeks prior to the occurrence of large larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (Fab.), two commonly recorded hosts of W. rufopicta. The average female, after a pre-ovipositional period of several days, deposited about 60 eggs over a further several days. The sex ratio was normally unity, with the exception that flies overwintered in the field showed a predominance of males.Populations of W. rufopicta declined in spring, apparently from a shortage of hosts, then slowly built up through several overlapping generations: developmental rates at different temperatures are indicated. In the fall, local host concentrations were more frequent, and parasitism of Heliothis hosts on tobacco occurred consistently and sometimes reached high levels. Parasites overwintered as fully grown diapausing maggots in shallow cells in the soil.Experimental populations of Heliothis spp. (mainly H. virescens) maintained on tobacco were not parasitized by W. rufopicta until late in the season. Temporal and spatial interactions between host and parasite populations at that time are discussed.

FACTORS DETERMINING LEVELS OF PARASITISM BY WINTHEMIA RUFOPICTA (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AS HOSTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Heliothis Spp ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractShort-term interactions of the polyphagous tachinid Winthemia rufopicta (Big.) with its hosts, especially Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (Fab.), are considered.Within a given host species, interacting factors fall into three groups: (1) factors that have little influence on parasite oviposition, or cause little parasite mortality (host responses to ovipositing parasites, previous parasitism, firmness of attachment of eggs and, in the populations studied here, direct competition with other insect parasites); (2) factors that may account for significant limitation of oviposition (habitat, diel activity, and seasonal occurrence of a given host, and species preference of the parasite) or that cause significant parasite mortality (destruction by the host and other mortality of hatching maggots, which in turn depends partly on the position of eggs on the host): and (3) factors that can vary widely in a given host species and are therefore of great potential importance. These are: (a) host feeding behaviour—initial parasitism of H. zea, for example, varies from negligible levels for larvae concealed in corn ears to sometimes very high levels for larvae feeding openly on tobacco leaves; (b) host size—smaller larvae (especially penultimate compared with final instars) receive fewer ovipositions, and fewer eggs per oviposition; (c) host moulting—surface-deposited eggs are lost if the host moults before they hatch, but the rate of moulting varies with instar and foodplant, and interacts differently with parasite egg incubation times at different temperatures (most eggs are lost except in final instars); (d) intraspecific competition—depends on parasite and host densities, but reaches the highest levels in the fall; (e) competition with host pathogens—parasites may be killed during development if the host dies from pathogens.For different hosts, family, size, surface quality, and spatial and temporal availability are known to have divergent influences on the levels of parasitism, but many other interactions are probably important.The interpretation of records of total or of successful parasitism in host samples is considered—behavioural, developmental, and numerical interactions may make conclusions drawn from such records unreliable. In particular, levels of parasitism may change very rapidly as host or parasite populations develop; laboratory rearing may distort recorded levels of successful parasitism; and the proportion of attacked hosts that produce parasites, and the number of parasites produced by each host, normally varies directly with the number of eggs per host even when this is large.

COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF FERAL AND LABORATORY TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) TO HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) MOTH SCALES AND INERT PARTICLES

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Thomson ◽  
R. E. Stinner
Keyword(s):  
Heliothis Virescens ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Scale Response ◽  
Small Glass ◽  
Heliothis Spp ◽  
Moth Scales ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Laboratory Assay

A laboratory assay of the klinokinetic response of Trichogramma spp. to scales of Heliothis virescens (F.) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) was investigated. The assay indicated significant behavioral response to materials similar in size to lepidopteran scales (small glass beads, cotton fibers); however, response to these materials was significantly less than response to H. virescens scales. The assay did not distinguish any difference in response to H. zea scales betewen naturally occurring and laboratory-bred Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner. Physiological status (freshly emerged, virgin vs. 3–4 day-old, mated) of the H. zea moths from which scales originated affected scale response, but anatomical origin (abdominal tip vs. abdominal venter vs. wing) of host scales did not.

THE MACROTYPE EGGS OF TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) ON HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN NORTH CAROLINA

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (12) ◽  
pp. 1277-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Danks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Heliothis Spp ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractA key to macrotype tachinid eggs, actually or potentially occurring on larvae of Heliothis spp. in North Carolina, is provided, based primarily on eggs from reared and trapped gravid adults. This key is probably valid for most of the southeastern United States. Eggs of Winthemiini are described (the common Heliothis parasites Winthemia rufopicta (Big.) and W. sinuata Reinh., and also W. manducae Sabrosky and DeLoach, W. datanae (Tns.), and Nemorilla pyste (Walk.)).

SEASONAL CAPTURES OF BOLLWORM AND TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) MALES IN PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS IN LOUISIANA

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Leonard ◽  
J. B. Graves ◽  
S. Micinski ◽  
E. Burris ◽  
K. Ratchford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Heliothis Spp ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Early Harvest

Pheromone traps baited with synthetic sex lures of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), were monitored over an eight-year period (1980–1987) in Louisiana. The total number of Heliothis spp. males captured in traps was observed to be highest during August and September. Seasonal totals indicated that the number of bollworms exceeded the number of tobacco budworms collected during each year of the study. Pheromone trap captures of tobacco budworms demonstrated a bimodal pattern of occurrence with peaks during June and September. The number of tobacco budworm males collected for August and September represented a greater percentage of the total Heliothis spp. population than was observed earlier in the season. These data also indicate that the seasonal abundance of the tobacco budworm has increased during the period 1984–1987 which emphasizes the importance of early harvest in cotton production by decreasing the damage potential of both Heliothis spp. during September.

MICROBIAL CONTROL OF HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN COTTON: DOSAGE AND MANAGEMENT TRIALS1

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Bell ◽  
C. L. Romine
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Heliothis Spp ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus ◽  
Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), infested with relatively low populations (untreated range: 0.3 – 0.7 larva/plant) of Heliothis spp. larvae was treated with varying mixtures of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses from Heliothis zea or Autographa California (dosages: 2.97 and 5.93 × 1011 polyhedral inclusion bodies/ha) and the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (dosages: 0.14 – 0.56 kg/ha of Thuricide®). The bacterium when mixed with a spray and adjuvant was as effective as a chemical standard in reducing plant damage and low populations of Heliothis. Applying mixtures of the viruses with the bacterium did not increase efficacy. In a commercial 16-ha field, four aerial applications of a microbial mixture of 150 g Elcar® and 560 g Thuricide plus 3.36 kg adjuvant resulted in a ca. 76% viral infection and sufficiently controlled the larval infestation and protected the fruit from damage. The Heliothis population in another 16-ha field was controlled using four applications of chemical insecticides. Natural viral disease prevalence was ca. 3%. Although Heliothis egg numbers ranged from ca. 20 – 80 eggs/100 plants in both fields during the test, boll damage in the microbially treated field was only 0.5% compared to 0.6% in the chemically treated field. Further, yields from both fields were ca. 3 × 103 kg/ha, indicated similar control.

Pollen as an Indicator of Long-distance Movement of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1148-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Hendrix ◽  
T. F. Mueller ◽  
J. R. Phillips ◽  
O. K. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

scholarly journals Frequency of Cry1F Non-Recessive Resistance Alleles in North Carolina Field Populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e0154492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoping Li ◽  
Dominic Reisig ◽  
Jin Miao ◽  
Fred Gould ◽  
Fangneng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Recessive Resistance ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae
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