EFFECTS OF MOISTURE, GRAVITY, AND LIGHT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LARVAE OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus

AbstractUntil mid- or late July, most larvae of the wheat stem sawfly generally move into the upper internodes of the host stems. Then, as the stems mature, the larvae migrate down to the basal internodes and cut the stems at about ground level.The migration is initiated in response to the visible and infrared light transmitted through the ripening stems. The direction of the migration, toward the basal internodes, results from the orientation of the larvae to the vertical axis of the stems reinforced by a positive larval response to gravity.The larvae cut the stems at ground level because they are shielded there by the soil from visible and infrared radiation. The location of cutting is also influenced by the preference of the larvae for drier sites in which to cut.The date of cutting is directly related to the loss of moisture from the stems, but not to a precise level of stem moisture. The larvae may form their cocoons in response to desiccation.

Differences in Survival of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), from Two Geographic Areas in Varieties of Spring Wheat

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Holmes ◽  
L. K. Peterson ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Golden Ball

The larva of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., lives inside the host stem, cuts it off at ground level in late summer, and spends the winter inside the stub below ground level. This insect can be controlled by the use of resistant spring wheats such as Rescue and Golden Ball. The possibility of the existence of a strain of C. cinctus to which these varieties are not resistant is of major importance.Platt, Farstad, and Callenbach (1948) found that the average percentages of Rescue stems cut by C. cinctus for five years were 36 at Regina, Saskatchewan, and two at Lethbridge. They suggested that this difference may have resulted from the effects of the environments in two areas, or from genetic variations between the sawflies at the two stations.

Effect of Time of Seeding Apex Wheat on Infestation and Sex Ratio of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

1952 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Jacobson ◽  
C. W. Farstad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus

In 1945 a field experiment was designed at the Lethbridge laboratory to augment data on the effect of the time of seeding on infestation by the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. At that time one of the recommendations for the control of this insect was to delay seeding wheat until after May 15. The resulting crop escaped infestation because of the retarded plant during the period of the sawfly flight.

scholarly journals Digital Vein Mapping Using Augmented Reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 512-521
Author(s):  
Mohamed Taha ◽  
◽  
Mohamed Ibrahim ◽  
Hala Zayed ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Time Systems

Vein detection is an important issue for the medical field. There are some commercial devices for detecting veins using infrared radiation. However, most of these commercial solutions are cost-prohibitive. Recently, veins detection has attracted much attention from research teams. The main focus is on developing real-time systems with low-cost hardware. Systems developed to reduce costs suffer from low frame rates. This, in turn, makes these systems not suitable for real-world applications. On the other hand, systems that use powerful processors to produce high frame rates suffer from high costs and a lack of mobility. In this paper, a real-time vein mapping prototype using augmented reality is proposed. The proposed prototype provides a compromised solution to produce high frame rates with a low-cost system. It consists of a USB camera attached to an Android smartphone used for real-time detection. Infrared radiation is employed to differentiate the veins using 20 Infrared Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). The captured frames are processed to enhance vein detection using light computational algorithms to improve real-time processing and increase frame rate. Finally, the enhanced view of veins appears on the smartphone screen. Portability and economic cost are taken into consideration while developing the proposed prototype. The proposed prototype is tested with people of different ages and gender, as well as using mobile devices of different specifications. The results show a high vein detection rate and a high frame rate compared to other existing systems.

Survey of Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Infesting Wheat in Eastern Colorado

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren M Cockrell ◽  
Terri Randolph ◽  
Erika Peirce ◽  
Frank B Peairs
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Growing Region

Abstract From 2012 through 2020, a survey of wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, was conducted in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in Eastern Colorado. In 2013, results showed sawfly infestations concentrated in the northern part of the state with only a few highly infested sites, with 38 of the 94 sampled sites having any infestation (five of which had >50% infestation levels). By 2020 sawfly had been found in all eastern counties sampled, and 72 of the 106 sites sampled were found to contain sawfly (11 of which had >50% infestation levels). The spread of this pest across the Colorado wheat-growing region will have lasting economic effects. The information gathered from this and future surveys will inform wheat variety development and aid in management decisions made by growers across the state.

SAWFLY RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: III. CHANGES IN RESISTANCE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHEAT PLANT

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Golden Ball

Quantitative data obtained in field experiments showed that the resistance of wheat to attack by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) depended on the stage of development of the plants at the time of oviposition. Wheat plants were usually most heavily infested for a part or all of the period from 1 week before shot blade to 1 week after the flowering stage. Rescue, H46146, H4191, Golden Ball, and Melanopus lost their resistance to the development of the eggs and first-instar larvae some time between shot blade and flowering. Thatcher and Red Bobs did not show this type of resistance. The mortality of the older larvae increased in plants infested toward maturity. The time at which this increase began depended on the variety involved and ranged from just before shot blade to just after flowering.

A COMPARISON OF INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF LARVAE OF CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. AFTER INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FREEZING

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Salt
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
New Method ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Ice Crystal Size

Extracellular freezing of larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., was produced at −2.5 °C by a new method. Slow further cooling to −10, −15, or −20 °C added to extracellular ice with no intracellular freezing. Other larvae that were supercooled to and frozen at −10, −15, or −20 °C froze intracellularly. Comparisons of the effects of these two types of freezing were therefore possible at equivalent temperatures. Level of activity after freezing was used as the criterion of injury.Intracellular freezing was more injurious than extracellular freezing at −15 and −20 °C, but not at −10 °C. Injuries, as well as differences in injury due to type of freezing, decreased gradually to insignificance above −10 °C. Although larvae frozen extracellularly held an initial advantage over those frozen intracellularly, survivors of the latter group retained their vitality better, probably because they lost weight more slowly.Differences in injury and in activity level after freezing at −15 and −20 °C were insufficient to justify the use of freezing site (intracellular or extracellular) as a principal basis for explaining freezing injury. The same conclusion applies to ice crystal size and configuration, which differed vastly in the two types of freezing.These conclusions depend on whether freezing was actually intracellular or extracellular as represented. Strong evidence is presented that freezing was in fact as specified.

Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) I. Commercial cultivars

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Beres ◽  
H. A. Cárcamo ◽  
J. R. Byers ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
C. J. Pozniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Wheat Germplasm ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Solid Stem ◽  
The Impact

Beres, B. L., Cárcamo, H. A., Byers, J. R., Clarke, F. R., Pozniak, C. J., Basu, S. K. and DePauw, R. M. 2013. Host plant interactions between wheat germplasm source and wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) I. Commercial cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 607–617. The wheat stem sawfly (WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is an economically destructive insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains. A significant resurgence of the insect pest in the southern prairies of Canada caused substantial economic losses from 1999 through 2007. Solid-stem cultivar selection is critical to the management of WSS but adoption of the use of these cultivars was low, which compounded losses at harvest. A study was conducted from 2001 to 2003 in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada (1) to establish the range of susceptibility of hollow- and solid-stem varieties representing the major spring wheat classes and (2) to determine the impact of host plant on WSS population dynamics. The solid-stem varieties were generally superior at reducing damage and fitness response of WSS. However, in addition to the durum cultivars AC Navigator and AC Avonlea, the variety McKenzie, which was considered hollow, provided improved efficacy over other hollow-stem cultivars. Our study suggests solid-stem cultivars are highly effective but prone to inconsistent performance and should therefore be integrated into a holistic strategy for WSS that includes agronomics and biocontrol. A companion paper will report on the response of cultivars with novel sources of germplasm.

CYTOLOGY AND PARTHENOGENESIS OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Rowlatt Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Diploid Males ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Bisexual Population ◽  
Monopolar Spindle ◽  
Spermatogonial Metaphase ◽  
Male Karyotype ◽  
Relationship Of

A chromosome complement of 18 was established for the female of Cephus cinctus Nort. by counts of 18 elements at oogonial metaphase and nine bivalents at pachytene. The male has a haploid set of nine chromosomes on the basis of counts at spermatogonial metaphase and at meiotic metaphases I and II. Male haploidy was confirmed by the fact that the male karyotype comprises one member of each morphologically identifiable pair present in the female. Spermatogenesis is characterized by lack of synapsis and complete abortion of the first meiotic division. Formation of a monopolar spindle at first meiotic metaphase is discussed. A cytological comparison of thelyotokous and arrhenotokous strains of C. cinctus failed to reveal any difference in chromosome number or in chromosome morphology. Cephus cinctus reproduces largely by arrhenotoky, the population normally being bisexual; the males develop from unfertilized eggs, most of the females arising from fertilized eggs; azygous, or impaternate, females occur sporadically. From the bisexual population a thelyotokous strain has arisen that is not distinguishable by cytological comparison; the females of both arrhenotokous and thelyotokous races are diploid; no diploid males were found. The haplo-diploid relationship of male to female was confirmed; male haploidy has become established by adaptive modifications in meiosis, as indicated in the cytological details given.

scholarly journals Coatings manufactured using magnetron sputtering technology to protect against infrared radiation for use in firefighter helmets

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Fejdyś ◽  
Karolina Olszewska ◽  
Sylwia Kaczmarczyk ◽  
Grzegorz Owczarek
Keyword(s):  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Ceramic Coatings ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Indentation Method ◽  
Personal Protection Equipment ◽  
X Ray

Abstract The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of magnetron sputtering technology to produce coatings on selected elements of a firefighter’s helmet to protect against infrared radiation (PN-EN 171 standard). The scope of research includes testing the deposition produced via magnetron sputtering of metallic and ceramic coatings on plastics, which are used to manufacture the components comprising the personal protection equipment used by firefighters. The UV-VIS, NIR used to research the permeation coefficients and reflections for light and infrared light and the emission spectrometry with ICP-AES used for the quantitative analysis of elements in metallic and ceramic coatings. Microstructural and micro-analytical testing of the coatings were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Measurements of the chemical compositions were conducted using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The hardnesss of the coatings were tested using a indentation method, and the coating thicknesses were tested using a ellipsometry method.

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