DISPERSAL PATTERN OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) TAGGED WITH 32P

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Baldwin ◽  
A. S. West ◽  
John Gomery
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
Normal Distribution Curve ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Release Area ◽  
Autoradiographic Technique

AbstractLarge numbers of black flies, mostly Simulium venustum Say, were labelled as larvae with 32P and released in rapids in the Chalk River near the village of Chalk River, Ont., to complete development and disperse as adults. Flies were trapped over a 900 square mile area for 3 months after the release, and radioactive flies from the traps were identified at CRNL by means of an autoradiographic technique. The distance travelled by the flies could be described by a normal distribution curve, with the average migration between 5.8 to 8.2 miles. A few individuals were trapped at a distance of 22 miles 2 days after emergence, and some crossed the Ottawa River which is at least a mile wide at the point nearest the release area. Some traps caught very high numbers of radioactive flies, one at about 6 miles from the release center accounting for more than 1300 tagged flies. The traps giving the highest number of tagged flies (e.g., > 100) were clustered in two distinctive areas, one west and one large area south of the release point. The results indicate that control measures should be applied to black fly streams at least 10 miles from critical areas such as towns.

The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 1. Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Darbyshire ◽  
C. E. Wilson ◽  
K. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Midwest United States ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Eriochloa Villosa

The annual grass weed Eriochloa villosa, woolly cup grass, was reported for the first time in Canada in 2000, in southwestern Quebec. It is a serious agricultural pest of field crops in the Midwest United States where it has been difficult and expensive to control. The production of stolons early in the growing season and the extensive branching of stems later in the season mean that single plants occupy and disperse seed over a large area. Cleistogamous flowers ensure good seed set, and plants produce large numbers of seeds. After an initial spring germination flush, seeds continue to germinate throughout the growing season resulting in escapes from early control measures. The large seeds can germinate and emerge under a wide range of soil temperatures and soil depths. Woolly cup grass is tolerant of many herbicides and effective control in agro-ecosystems usually depends on integrated strategies of multiple herbicide applications, cultural and mechanical methods. The above biological features and its presence in a number of bordering States suggest that the species is a potential weed hazard in southern Canada, particularly in areas of corn and soybean production in Quebec and Ontario. Key words: Eriochloa villosa, woolly cup grass, ERBVI, weed biology, invasive alien

scholarly journals Optomechanics based soft artificial skin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Chandra Roy ◽  
Navin Kumar ◽  
Shreyas B S ◽  
Ananya Gupta ◽  
Aloke Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Artificial Skin ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Extreme Sensitivity ◽  
Consistent Performance

Abstract Soft artificial skin capable of sensing touch, pressure and bending similar to soft human skin is important in many modern-day applications including socially interactive robotics, modern healthcare, augmented reality, etc. However, most of the research effort on soft artificial skin are confined to the lab-scale demonstration. We have demonstrated how a fundamental understanding of the contact mechanics of soft material and a specially constructed soft optical waveguide let us develop a highly efficient, resilient, and large-area soft artificial skin for futuristic applications. The soft artificial skin capable of detect touch, load and bending shows extreme sensitivity (up to \({150 \text{k}\text{P}\text{a}}^{-1}\)) to touch, and load, which is 750 times higher than earlier work. The soft-a-skin shows excellent long-term stability i.e. it shows consistent performance up to almost a year. In addition, we describe a 3D printing process capable of producing large areas, large numbers yet cost-effective soft artificial skin. We have shown the functioning of the soft-a-skin in various means.

scholarly journals A Novel Technique to Enhance the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks through Software Realization

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 3839
Author(s):  
Adarsh Sagar ◽  
T. G. Basavaraju ◽  
K. B. Surekha
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Software Module ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Entire Network

In the most of the real world scenarios, wireless sensor networks are used. Some of the major tasks of these types of networks is to sense some information and sending it to monitoring system or tracking some activity etc. In such applications, the sensor nodes are deployed in large area and in considerably large numbers [1]-[3]. Each of these node will be having constrained resources whether it might be energy, memory or processing capability. Energy is the major resource constraint in these types of networks. Hence enough care to be taken in all aspects such that energy can be used very efficiently. Different Activities which will be taking place in a sensor node are sensing, radio operations and receiving and computing. Among all these operations, radio consumes maximum power. Hence there is a need of reducing the power consumption in such radio operations. In the proposed work a software module is developed which will reduce the number of transmissions done to the base station. The work compares the consecutively sensed data and if these data are same then the old data then the old data will be retained. In other case the newly sensed data will be sent to the sink node. This technique reduces the number of data transmissions in a significant way. With the reduced number of transmissions, the energy saved in each node will be more, which will increase the lifetime of the entire network.

scholarly journals Analysis of alternative Covid-19 mitigation measures in school classrooms: an agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Woodhouse ◽  
W. P. Aspinall ◽  
R. S. J. Sparks ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
School Settings ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
The Uk

1.AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has had major impacts on children’s education, with schools required to implement infection control measures that have led to long periods of absence and classroom closures. We develop an agent-based epidemiological model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission that is applied to model infection within school classrooms, with a contact model constructed using random networks informed by structured expert judgement. Mitigation strategies to control infection are modelled to allow analysis of their effectiveness in supressing infection outbreaks and in limiting pupil absence. The model is applied to re-examine Covid-19 in schools in the UK in autumn 2020, and to forecast infection levels in autumn 2021 when the more infectious Delta-variant is dominant and school transmission is likely to play a major role in a new wave of the epidemic. Our results indicate that testing-based surveillance of infections in the classroom population with isolation of positive cases is a more effective mitigation measure than bubble quarantine both for reducing transmission in schools and for avoiding pupil absence, even accounting for insensitivity of self-administered tests. Bubble quarantine results in large numbers of pupils absent from school, with only modest impact of classroom infection. However, maintaining a reduced contact rate within the classroom has a major beneficial impact for managing Covid-19 in school settings.

scholarly journals Values-Based Management of Archaeological Resources at a Landscape Scale

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P. McManamon ◽  
John Doershuk ◽  
William D. Lipe ◽  
Tom McCulloch ◽  
Christopher Polglase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Military Installation ◽  
Large Numbers

AbstractPublic agencies at all levels of government and other organizations that manage archaeological resources often face the problem of many undertakings that collectively impact large numbers of individually significant archaeological resources. Such situations arise when an agency is managing a large area, such as a national forest, land management district, park unit, wildlife refuge, or military installation. These situations also may arise in regard to large-scale development projects, such as energy developments, highways, reservoirs, transmission lines, and other major infrastructure projects that cover substantial areas. Over time, the accumulation of impacts from small-scale projects to individual archaeological resources may degrade landscape or regional-scale cultural phenomena. Typically, these impacts are mitigated at the site level without regard to how the impacts to individual resources affect the broader population of resources. Actions to mitigate impacts rarely are designed to do more than avoid resources or ensure some level of data recovery at single sites. Such mitigation activities are incapable of addressing research question at a landscape or regional scale.

CLEAN CARIBBEAN COOPERATIVE

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Spill Control

ABSTRACT A number of oil companies operating in the Caribbean have formed the Clean Caribbean Cooperative (CCC) with the objective of enhancing the capability to promptly and efficiently respond to oil spills which cause, or threaten to cause, pollution damage to beaches, harbors, offshore islands, and waters of the Caribbean. CCC resources are available to respond to spills within the area bounded by the coasts of Central America, South America, and Panama. These resources are designed to be used in remote areas where little or no response capability is in place, as well as to supplement the present capability in certain other areas. CCC member companies agreed to share the costs of providing a source of materials, equipment, and services to be used in responding to an oil spill incident. Use of the equipment, as well as management of the total response effort, is the responsibility of the company or agency which is taking action to control the spill. The CCC as an organized unit does not engage in joint or collective action in transporting or operating the facilities, arranging for personnel, providing management, or in any way becoming part of the on-scene control activity at the spill site. Because of the large area of the Caribbean, surface transportation cannot be relied on totally to bring resources to a spill at a great distance from locations where the oil industry and other agencies have oil spill cleanup capability in place. Therefore, the CCC leased a select stockpile of equipment which is kept in readiness for prompt dispatch by air. Because of the great variation in conditions surrounding an oil spill, control measures cannot be expected to be 100% effective in preventing any damage. However, by rapidly initiating action under a preplanned response system, the ability to avoid or substantially mitigate the effects of an oil spill is greatly enhanced.

Some Mosquitos of the Blue Nile Valley in the Republic of the Sudan

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Blue Nile ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic

The rainfall of the Blue Nile valley diminishes towards the north, and the number of mosquitos tends to do the same, but the natural state of affairs has been somewhat altered by irrigation works in the shape of the Sennar reservoir and the watering of cotton, sorghum and sunt trees (Acacia arabica, Willdenow), and will be further altered when the proposed dam at Roseires is constructed.The latter dam will form a large reservoir in the Kiri-Roseires area where conditions are likely to differ from those of the Sennar reservoir. Anopheles funestus Giles and many other species occurred in the stretch downstream between Roseires and Abu Hugar in which riverside basins, overgrown with sunt trees, were flooded when the river was high.Farther downstream, between Karkoj and Sennar, breeding conditions were affected by the Sennar dam, water at full storage level reaching different heights in the basins according to their distance from Sennar. Near Sennar the dualpurpose dam had a particular effect on the aquatic vegetation and the mosquitos.A. gambiae Giles bred among Najas pectinata (Parl.) Magnus which, however, only occupied a small area in the reservoir, A. rufipes (Gough) bred in small numbers in various places, and A. pharoensis Theo. in a large area of creeping grass growing on silt under conditions which caused it to form a raft that rose and fell with the water. Adults of A. pharoensis, which was by far the commonest Anopheline, rested near houses by day at certain times of the year. Control of the grass was difficult and liable, to favour more dangerous species of mosquitos. Differences between the Sennar and Jebel Auliya reservoirs are discussed.In the riverain area between Abu Geili and Soba, A. gambiae bred in residual pools in the river-bed in the dry season and in flooded sunt basins in the rains. Control of larvae was very difficult in these basins and much reliance was placed on residual sprays against adults in houses.Breeding conditions in the Gezira irrigated area are described with particular reference to the type of clay soil. There were many larvae of A. gambiae in field channels at the end of the rains when irrigation began, and in March when the summer started. The latter increase was not reflected by any increase in the number of adults, probably owing to the reduction in length of life of the latter in the very hot dry weather. A. rufipes was sometimes found in houses. Control measures are briefly described.Some mosquitos of Khartoum and a few other areas within the Blue Nile valley are briefly considered.

Groundwater Pollution Risk and Vulnerability Map of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. A. Hirata ◽  
C. R. A. Bastos ◽  
G. A. Rocha ◽  
D. C. Gomes ◽  
M. A. Iritani
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Contaminant Sources ◽  
Vulnerability Map ◽  
Potential Contaminant ◽  
The City

Aiming to provide a global diagnosis of the actual threat of pollution to the most important aquifers of the State of São Paulo, Brasil, due to its intensive industrialization and agriculture, three government institutions -the Instituto Geologico (Geological Institute), the CETESB (Environmental Sanitary Technology Company) and the DAEE (Water and Eleotrical Energy Department) - carried out a regional survey to define the aquifers' vulnerability to pollution and for recording and ranking the potential contaminant sources. This paper describes the results of this survey, excluding the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. More than 500 industries were recorded and ranked according to their low, moderate or high potential contaminant load for impacting groundwater. Thirty - one aquifer units were defined and a 1:500.000 scale vulnerability map was produced. Critical areas were defined and recommended as being priority sites for the adoption of control measures.

Renal portal phagocytosis of bacteria in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson): ultrastructural observations

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2505-2511 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Portal Circulation ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Large Numbers

Catheterized rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were inoculated with killed bacteria and the perfused – fixed kidney was examined in the electron microscope. The endothelium of the portal circulation was continuous but had evidence of marked pinocytotic activity with large numbers of intracytoplasmic vesicles, many of which were spiny coated. Intracytoplasmic transfer tubules were also a prominent feature. Bacteria were phagocytosed by macrophages closely associated with the endothelium, but not by the endothelial cells. Macrophage pseudopodia were occasionally seen traversing endothelium to touch the underlying haemopoietic tissue. The renal portal vasculature provides a large area for efficient antigen trapping.

The development and termination of the 1968 plague of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera, Acrididae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Threshold Rainfall ◽  
Gregarious Locusts ◽  
Parent Generation

AbstractThe population dynamics of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria* (Forsk.), in Africa, the Middle East and Asia from 1966 to 1969 have been analysed to determine the causes of the beginning and the abrupt end of the plague of 1968. Evidence indicates that in 1966 there were no persistent sequences of breeding by gregarious populations, but in 1967 and early 1968 there were four sequences of breeding by initially solitary behaving locusts, each resulting in a substantial increase in numbers and density. These events led to a plague that ended by mid-1969.The threshold rainfall requirement for successful breeding, defined as an increase in numbers from mature adults of the parent generation to filial fledglings, has been related to the rainfall required for the germination of ephemerals and their growth to sizes that can provide food and shelter for hoppers throughout their development. It is suggested that the minimum quantity of rainfall required initially over a large area is 25 mm. This requirement is usually met in the summer breeding areas. Rainfall in the winter-spring breeding areas is more variable, and falls exceeding the threshold are most commonly associated with deep troughs in the mid- and upper-tropospheric westerly winds in winter and spring. A season in which many such troughs occur may be essential for plague development. It is also suggested that the timing of successive periods of rainfall allowing successful breeding is critical in determining the occurrence of upsurges.Control against non-gregarious infestations failed to contain the upsurge, but later control measures against hopper bands and swarms contributed to the plague decline. The most economical strategy for plague prevention might be one of upsurge elimination, that is to say control in selected areas against gregarious locusts only. The implications of adopting such a strategy are discussed.

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