THERMOREGULATION IN COLONIES OF VESPULA ARENARIA AND VESPULA MACULATA (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE): II. THE RELATION BETWEEN COLONY BIOMASS AND CALORIE PRODUCTION

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Gibo ◽  
Heather E. Dew ◽  
Andrew S. Hajduk
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Biomass

AbstractThermoregulation in nests of two colonies of Vespula arenaria and two colonies of V. maculata was studied in relationship to seasonal changes in colony biomass. The colonies achieved maximum ability to resist ambient temperatures of 5 °C and maintained high nest temperatures on or within a week of achieving maximum biomass. During this period the colonies were capable of producing about.20 to.35 cal per gram of biomass per minute. The caloric production per gram required to maintain the normal nest temperatures of 30 °C and 32 °C in an ambient temperature of 25 °C was much less, but was greater for the V. maculata colonies than for the V. arenaria colonies. The greater efficiency in thermoregulation by V. arenaria is largely due to the fact that nests of this species have a greater biomass of wasps than approximately equal sized nests of V. maculata.

Capture and care of northern long-eared bats (Nyctophilus bifax) and seasonal changes in insect abundance

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Stawski
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Insect Abundance ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Capture Rates

Seasonal capture rates of insectivorous subtropical and tropical Australian northern long-eared bats (Nyctophilus bifax) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in relation to ambient temperature and insect abundance were examined. Insect abundance varied seasonally in a subtropical region and also between subtropical and tropical habitats during winter, and decreased as nightly ambient temperature decreased. While capture rates of N. bifax were not affected by ambient temperatures and insect abundance, most captures occurred within one hour after sunset, which is generally the time of highest activity levels in microbats. Methods of care of N. bifax in captivity are also reported. N. bifax adapted well to short-term captivity (up to 14 days) and readily accepted mealworms as a food source.

scholarly journals Influence of Ambient Temperature on Radiative and Convective Heat Dissipation Ratio in Polymer Heat Sinks

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2286
Author(s):  
Jan Kominek ◽  
Martin Zachar ◽  
Michal Guzej ◽  
Erik Bartuli ◽  
Petr Kotrbacek
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Convective Heat ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
University Of Technology

Miniaturization of electronic devices leads to new heat dissipation challenges and traditional cooling methods need to be replaced by new better ones. Polymer heat sinks may, thanks to their unique properties, replace standardly used heat sink materials in certain applications, especially in applications with high ambient temperature. Polymers natively dispose of high surface emissivity in comparison with glossy metals. This high emissivity allows a larger amount of heat to be dissipated to the ambient with the fourth power of its absolute surface temperature. This paper shows the change in radiative and convective heat transfer from polymer heat sinks used in different ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the observed polymer heat sinks have differently oriented graphite filler caused by their molding process differences, therefore their thermal conductivity anisotropies and overall cooling efficiencies also differ. Furthermore, it is also shown that a high radiative heat transfer leads to minimizing these cooling efficiency differences between these polymer heat sinks of the same geometry. The measurements were conducted at HEATLAB, Brno University of Technology.

scholarly journals Insufficient Stability of Clavulanic Acid in Widely Used Child-Appropriate Formulations

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ines Mack ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
Janneke M. Brussee ◽  
Sophia Rehm ◽  
Katharina Rentsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Dispersible Tablets ◽  
The Stability

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) belongs to the WHO Essential Medicines List for children, but for optimal antimicrobial effectiveness, reconstituted dry powder suspensions need to be stored in a refrigerated environment. Many patients in low- and middle-income countries who are sold AMC suspensions would be expected not to keep to the specified storage conditions. We aimed to assess the stability of both ingredients in liquid formulations and dispersible tablets, combined with nationally representative data on access to appropriate storage. Degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic-acid (CLA) was measured in suspensions and dispersible tablets commercially available in Switzerland at different ambient temperatures (8 °C vs. 28 °C over 7 days, and 23 °C vs. 28 °C over 24 h, respectively). Data on access to refrigeration and electricity were assessed from the USAID-funded Demographic and Health Survey program. In suspensions, CLA degraded to a maximum of 12.9% (95% CI −55.7%, +29.9%) at 8°C and 72.3% (95% CI −82.8%, −61.8%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature during an observation period of 7 days. Dispersible tablets were observed during 24 h and CLA degraded to 15.4% (95% CI −51.9%, +21.2%) at 23 °C and 21.7% (−28.2%, −15.1%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature. There is relevant degradation of CLA in suspensions during a 7-day course. To overcome the stability challenges for all active components, durable child-appropriate formulations are needed. Until then, prescribers of AMC suspensions or pharmacists who sell the drug need to create awareness for the importance of proper storage conditions regarding effectiveness of both antibiotics and this recommendation should be reflected in the WHO Essential Medicines List for children.

Ambient temperature effects on physiological traits of white-tailed deer

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Holter ◽  
W. E. Urban Jr. ◽  
H. H. Hayes ◽  
H. Silver ◽  
H. R. Skutt
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Wind Chill ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
Body Energy

Six adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) were exposed to 165 periods of 12 consecutive hours of controlled constant ambient temperature in an indirect respiration calorimeter. Temperatures among periods varied from 38 to 0 (summer) or to −20C (fall, winter, spring). Traits measured were energy expenditure (metabolic rate), proportion of time spent standing, heart rate, and body temperature, the latter two using telemetry. The deer used body posture extensively as a means of maintaining body energy equilibrium. Energy expenditure was increased at low ambient temperature to combat cold and to maintain relatively constant body temperature. Changes in heart rate paralleled changes in energy expenditure. In a limited number of comparisons, slight wind chill was combatted through behavioral means with no effect on energy expenditure. The reaction of deer to varying ambient temperatures was not the same in all seasons of the year.

Seasonal changes in the body surface temperature of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Y. Kim ◽  
S. J. Kim ◽  
J. H. Park ◽  
M. R. Oh ◽  
S. Y. Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Average Body

The present study aimed to gather basic information on measuring body surface temperature (BST) of cattle by using infrared thermography (IRT) and find out whether BST measurement is a useful method to detect thermal balance of livestock. Twenty-seven Hanwoo steers were examined in a field trial. The BST of five body regions (eye, nose, horn, ear, rear) was measured five times daily, with three replicates, during 3 days each season. Body surface temperature of cattle is directly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and showed different ranges for each region. The BSTs of nose, horns and ears were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of eyes and rear area. Rear-area BST was significantly lower than eye-area BST when the ambient temperature was low (P < 0.05). Eye BST (EBST) was highest (P < 0.05) and the least variable of all BSTs measured. Therefore, the eye area of cattle was the most thermostable part of the body. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among seasonal EBSTs of steers. The EBST range was highest in the summer (37.9–42.2°C), followed by autumn (34.3–37.4°C), spring (33.8–36.5°C) and winter (29.8–32.6°C). During extreme cold, EBST showed a large standard deviation. During conditions of extreme heat, EBST was above the average body temperature of cattle. The results of the present study indicated that BST well reflects the thermal circumstances surrounding animals and may be used as one of the effective tools for precision cattle farming.

Change in the Properties of a Lead-acid Battery Depending on the Cycling Speed and the Ambient Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Jana Zimáková ◽  
Petr Baca ◽  
Martin Langer ◽  
Tomáš Binar
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Cycling Speed ◽  
Lead Acid

This work deals with lead-acid batteries, their properties and individual types that are available on the market. The temperature dependences of the battery parameters at different ambient temperatures and at different discharging and charging modes are measured. 6 batteries are tested at different charging currents, which provides information about their behavior both during discharge and at the time of charging. During the experiments, testing is not only performed at room temperature, but the batteries are also exposed to high temperatures up to 75 °C.

Effect of Changes in Ambient Temperature on Spontaneous Activity, Food Intake and Body Weight of Goldthioglucose-Obese and Nonobese Mice

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Fregly ◽  
N. B. Marshall ◽  
J. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Body Weights

Goldthioglucose-obese mice cannot adjust their food intake to meet the increased energy requirements due to cold. At all ambient temperatures above 15°C the spontaneous running activity of these animals is less than that observed for nonobese controls. Activity of obese mice is maximal at 19°C and minimal at 15°C or lower. Body weights decrease during exposure to cold. In contrast to that of obese mice, running activity of nonobese controls is maximal at an ambient temperature of 25°C but nearly ceases at 15°C or lower. The food intake of these animals increases in the cold and remains elevated even at temperatures at which activity decreases. The body weight of nonobese controls is either maintained constant or increases during exposure to cold air.

Effect of ambient temperature on protein breakdown during prolonged exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 550-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Dolny ◽  
P. W. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
H Protein

Male subjects (n = 8) cycled for 90 min in 5, 20, and 30 degrees C environments. Rectal (Tre), chest, and thigh temperatures, O2 consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), and venous concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), urea N, lactic acid (LA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and cortisol (C) were measured before, during, and after exercise. Urea N excretion was measured in 72 h of nonexercise, in 72 h of exercise (exercise day + 2 post-exercise days) urine samples, and in exercise sweat. Calculated 72-h protein utilization (means +/- SE) was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for the 5 (86.9 +/- 27.1 g) and 20 (82.9 +/- 22.7 g) compared with 30 degrees C (34.01 +/- 19.1 g) trial. Regardless of ambient temperature exercise increased the venous concentration of C, E, and NE. These catabolic hormones were greatest in 5, lowest in 20, and intermediate in 30 degrees C. Exercise Tre and VO2 were greatest in the 30 degrees C environment. Venous FFA concentration was significantly higher and R significantly lower in 5 vs. 20 or 30 degrees C, and venous LA concentration was significantly greater in 30 vs. 20 or 5 degrees C. Although these results indicate that exercise protein breakdown is affected by ambient temperatures, the mechanism of action is not due solely to circulating NE, E, and C. Differences in venous FFA and LA across environmental temperatures suggest that alterations in carbohydrate and fat metabolism may have contributed to the observed variable protein utilization.

scholarly journals Body Temperatures in Some Australian Mammals II.Peramelidae

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Diurnal Temperature

Body temperature measurements on the short-nosed bandicoot (Thylacis obeaulus) have shown a nocturnal cycle with a range of 1� 2�C and a short active phase at 2200-0400 hr. The bilby or rabbit bandicoot (Macrotis lagoti8) had a sharply defined temperature cycle, with a range of almost 3�C after several months of captivity, during which the day-time resting temperature was progressively lowered from 36� 4 to 34� 2�C. Forced activity raised the diurnal temperature substantially but not to the nocturnal level. Forced activity did not raise the nocturnal level which was similar in the two species (37' O�C). Both species could regulate effectively at an ambient temperature of 5�C, but only Thylaci8 showed regulation at ambient temperatures of between 30 and 40�C.

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