A METHOD FOR SEPARATING AND SURFACE STERILIZING THE EGGS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Retnakaran ◽  
John French
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Sterile Filter

AbstractA simple method for separating and surface sterilizing spruce budworm eggs is described. The egg masses are incubated with constant agitation in a 1% solution of NaOH for 10 minutes at 35 °C. The separated eggs are rinsed serially in distilled water, 1% bovine albumen solution, and 70% ethanol, and placed on a moist, sterile filter paper in a petri dish. When surface sterilized eggs are not required the 70% ethanol wash can be omitted.

A freeze-fracture-etched study of the physarum polycephalum plasma membrane during early formation of the macroplasmodial stage

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
Randolph W. Taylor ◽  
Henrie Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wire Screen ◽  
Wide Mouth ◽  
Sterile Filter

The plasma membrane of the Slime Mold, Physarum polycephalum, process unique morphological distinctions at different stages of the life cycle. Investigations of the plasma membrane of P. polycephalum, particularly, the arrangements of the intramembranous particles has provided useful information concerning possible changes occurring in higher organisms. In this report Freeze-fracture-etched techniques were used to investigate 3 hours post-fusion of the macroplasmodia stage of the P. polycephalum plasma membrane.Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum (M3C), axenically maintained, were collected in mid-expotential growth phase by centrifugation. Aliquots of microplasmodia were spread in 3 cm circles with a wide mouth pipette onto sterile filter paper which was supported on a wire screen contained in a petri dish. The cells were starved for 2 hrs at 24°C. After starvation, the cells were feed semidefined medium supplemented with hemin and incubated at 24°C. Three hours after incubation, samples were collected randomly from the petri plates, placed in plancettes and frozen with a propane-nitrogen jet freezer.

GROUND RELEASES OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Smith ◽  
M. Hubbes ◽  
J.R. Carrow
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Inundative Release ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Natural Parasitism

AbstractDuring 1982 and 1984, ground releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were assessed for control of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), on 12- to 20-year-old, white spruce stands in northern Ontario. Maximum parasitism of susceptible egg masses was 16 and 87% following the release of 480 000 and 12 million female T. minutum per hectare, respectively. Releases at intervals of 1 week maintained parasitism of susceptible egg masses at constant levels throughout the oviposition period of spruce budworm. When parasitism of susceptible egg masses was maintained above 78.2% during the ovipositional period, total egg mass parasitism averaged 58.0% and resulted in an 80.3% reduction of overwintering 2nd-instar larvae. The optimal strategy for reducing spruce budworm was two releases of T. minutum at an interval of 1 week in the ovipositional period. This allowed a second generation of parasitoids to emerge from the spruce budworm eggs that were more efficient in maintaining high levels of parasitism than those emerging from the standard rearing host. Natural parasitism of spruce budworm egg masses was less than 4% and there was no carryover of parasitism in the years following inundative release. The rate of T. minutum release necessary to achieve effective mortality of spruce budworm during outbreak populations is discussed briefly.

3.5 SUPPRESSION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS BY TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY, 1982–1986

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (S153) ◽  
pp. 56-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Smith ◽  
D.R. Wallace ◽  
G. Howse ◽  
J. Meating
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Trichogramma Minutum ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Release Timing

AbstractThe ability of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley, to suppress outbreak populations of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was studied annually near Hearst, Ont., from 1982 through 1986. Timing of broadcast parasitoid-releases was linked to spruce budworm moth emergence and oviposition. These phenological relationships were predicted from a regression based on larval development at least 2 weeks before expected emergence; this allowed sufficient time to regulate (program) parasitoid emergence during mass-rearing. Emergence of caged spruce budworm adults was used to monitor moth eclosion in the field. Pheromone traps provided daily information on the activity of male moths and helped to synchronize the parasitoid releases with spruce budworm oviposition. Information on parasitoid activity was obtained from sentinel (laboratory-reared) and naturally occurring spruce budworm egg masses. A curvilinear relationship between the rate of parasitoid release and parasitism of sentinel egg masses was developed. Two parasitoid releases, 1 week apart, early in the oviposition period of spruce budworm, significantly increased parasitism of host eggs by 14–83% and reduced larval populations correspondingly from 42 to 82%. Single releases were less effective and increased parasitism by 0.3–52% (single ground release, 1986). Two parasitoid releases, combined with a spring application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to larval populations, was the most effective strategy and resulted in 83% egg parasitism and 93% larval reduction. Release rates greater than 12–16 × 106 ♀ ♀ T. minutum per hectare were not warranted based on impact and costs. The effects of release timing, weather, host density, and parasitoid quality on the future successful use of T. minutum are discussed.

scholarly journals Breeding technique of Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard, 1901) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on roses leaflets

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. ec03054
Author(s):  
Jailma R. Dos Santos ◽  
Brigida Souza ◽  
Marvin M. Pec Hernandez ◽  
Letícia G. de Souza ◽  
Luis Claudio P. Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Breeding Technique ◽  
Microcentrifuge Tube ◽  
Paper Disk ◽  
Filter Paper Disk

The development of adequate methods for maintaining populations of arthropod organisms in the laboratory has been a challenge due to the characteristics of each species. This work has aimed to define a method for breeding Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard, 1901) in rose leaflets in order to study this species in the laboratory. A condition which could maintain the leaflets turgor for a longer time was sought, in order to guarantee both the survival and multiplication of the insects, and less influence of abiotic factors. Four types of substrates were tested: a) a filter paper disk moistened with distilled water covering the bottom of a Petri dish and; b) a vegetable sponge moistened with distilled water surrounding the base of the leaflet; c) a potato, dextrose and agar (BDA) in a microcentrifuge tube surrounding the base of the leaflet; and d) hydrogel in a microcentrifuge tube surrounding the base of the leaflet. The filter paper moistened with distilled water allowed 65% of the leaflets to remain turgid over a 10-day period and was the most suitable substrate for thrips breeding. With the results at hand, we described S. rubrocinctus breeding in the laboratory. The adopted methodology provided the population density stability of the bred insects, as well as the obtainment of specimens of S. rubrocinctus in quantity and quality throughout the entire period of development of studies on the biology of the species.

Characterization of canopy openness before and after a spruce budworm outbreak in the southern boreal forest

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent D'Aoust ◽  
Daniel Kneeshaw ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Independent Field ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Boreal Mixedwoods

We propose a simple method that uses aerial photographs to characterize the impacts of a spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak on canopy structure. Using aerial photographs taken at the beginning (1972) and after (1994) a major spruce budworm outbreak (1970–1987), we evaluated the change in canopy openness that occurred during the period of the outbreak, in five compositionally different stands. We compared canopy openness evaluated by photointerpretation with two independent field techniques and found a high degree of similarity between methods. Interpretation of the 1972 photographs (prior to the outbreak) shows that regardless of composition, four of our five analysed stands had about the same degree of mean canopy openness (17%–20%). Following the outbreak, openness increased in all stands except for the hardwood-dominated stand. The highest increase in openness (from 18% to 45%) occurred in the stand with the highest conifer content. Thematic maps and spatial analysis techniques were used to describe canopy openness distribution. Openness was low and uniformly distributed before the outbreak, whereas after the outbreak, the various degrees of openness had a patchy distribution in most stands. Furthermore, patch size increased with conifer content. Using the amount of increase in canopy openness and its specific distribution within stands, we propose guidelines for the development of silvicultural practices that mimic spruce budworm disturbances in boreal mixedwoods.

THIOTEPA AS AN EFFECTIVE AGENT FOR MASS STERILIZING THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1753-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Retnakaran
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
And Diffusion

AbstractTopical application of thiotepa on the adult male spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, at a concentration of 10 μg/insect resulted in 100% sterility. Unlike metepa, thiotepa did not have any apparent adverse effects on the competency of the sperms. Large numbers of male moths can be sterilized by allowing them to walk for 30 min on filter paper treated with a 2.5% solution of thiotepa in a 3:1 mixture of acetone and diffusion pump oil.

PINE SISKIN PREYS ON EGG MASSES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-440
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Jennings ◽  
Hewlette S. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Egg Masses

During preoutbreak periods before spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), populations reach epidemic levels, birds can play an important role in regulating budworm abundance (Gage and Miller 1978). All life stages of the spruce budworm are subject to predation by birds, but documentation of predation on budworm eggs is sparse (Hope 1945).

Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis and parasitoids of late-instar larvae of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 1697-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Schoenmaker ◽  
Michel Cusson ◽  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Pathogen Exposure

We investigated interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki and parasitoids that attack late instars of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). In a petri-dish arena, females of Tranosema rostrale rostrale (Brishke) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were able to discriminate between untreated fourth instars and fourth instars that had been given a known dose of a commercial product (Foray 48B). When the choice tests were conducted before host mortality due to B. thuringiensis had occurred among treated larvae (24 h post ingestion), the parasitoid attacked untreated larvae more readily. When females were given a choice between control larvae and treated larvae that were still alive 72 h post ingestion, they were able to discriminate between the two only when the larvae had been treated with at least a 50% lethal dose. Under laboratory conditions, female T. r. rostrale were thus able to detect and avoid treated larvae that exhibited a lethal response to the pathogen, and to a lesser extent larvae that had survived pathogen exposure. The ability of the latter was not apparent under field conditions. When treated and untreated larvae were exposed for 1 week to a complex of indigenous parasitoids in the field, there was no difference between treatments in the rates of parasitism by either T. r. rostrale or Actia interrupta Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae). Parasitism averaged 91% for larvae in the control treatment compared with 92% for larvae treated with Foray 48B. The field data suggest that spruce budworm larvae that survive exposure to B. thuringiensis are just as likely to be parasitized as unexposed, healthy larvae. This means that prolonged development of late-instar spruce budworm larvae after treatment with B. thuringiensis could possibly result in increased attack rates by parasitoids.

SAMPLING THE EGG STAGES OF THE TWO-YEAR-CYCLE SPRUCE BUDWORM NEAR BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1963 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
High Population ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Egg Stages ◽  
Understory Trees ◽  
Overstory Trees

Methods of sampling the immature stages of the two-year-cycle spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were studied at Babine hake in west-central British Columbia; this paper deals with the egg stage. At high population levels there was no difference in the number of egg masses per square foot of foliage surface between hosts, study areas, direction or sample size. Significant differences existed between crown levels and trees. Samples from understory trees were not representative of the egg populations from overstory trees. An acceptable estimate of egg numbers may be obtained by sampling one 18-inch branch tip from the mid-crown portion of as many trees as possible. Significant differences between sample areas at low population levels indicate that more localities would have to be sampled to obtain a representative estimate of egg numbers when fewer insects are present.

Rotary Beveling for In Situ Thin-Section Microscopy of Cell Cultures

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 550-551
Author(s):  
Dean A. Handley ◽  
Jack T. Alexander ◽  
Shu Chien
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Convenient Method ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Thin Section Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Organic Fluids

In situ preparation of cell cultures for ultrastructural investigations is a convenient method by which fixation, dehydration and embedment are carried out in the culture petri dish. The in situ method offers the advantage of preserving the native orientation of cell-cell interactions, junctional regions and overlapping configurations. In order to section after embedment, the petri dish is usually separated from the polymerized resin by either differential cryo-contraction or solvation in organic fluids. The remaining resin block must be re-embedded before sectioning. Although removal of the petri dish may not disrupt the native cellular geometry, it does sacrifice what is now recognized as an important characteristic of cell growth: cell-substratum molecular interactions. To preserve the topographic cell-substratum relationship, we developed a simple method of tapered rotary beveling to reduce the petri dish thickness to a dimension suitable for direct thin sectioning.

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