THE CONTROL OF WINTER EGGS OF PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) AND BRYOBIA RUBRIOCULUS (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) BY M2060 (2-FLUOROETHYL (4-BIPHENYLYL) ACETATE) AND OTHER PRODUCTS IN LEBANON

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Sami Musa ◽  
Gudo Dosse
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Highly Effective

AbstractPanonychus ulmi (Koch) and Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) are very serious pests on apple trees in Lebanon. The effectiveness of M2060 (2 fluoroethyl (4-biphenylyl) acetate), Ovamort, Diotol, Genite, and Citronol plus parathion was investigated on the winter eggs of these two mites in the laboratory and in the field. M2060-oil was highly effective and superior to all products at early and late dormant stages of tree growth. The nearer to egg hatch the other products were applied, the more effective they were.

scholarly journals A comparison of climate simulations for the last glacial maximum with three different versions of the ECHAM model and implications for summer-green tree refugia

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Arpe ◽  
S. A. G. Leroy ◽  
U. Mikolajewicz
Keyword(s):  
Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Last Glacial ◽  
Climate Simulations ◽  
Southward Shift ◽  
The Last Glacial Maximum ◽  
The Last Glacial

Abstract. Model simulations of the last glacial maximum (21 ± 2 ka) with the ECHAM3 T42 atmosphere-only, ECHAM5-MPIOM T31 atmosphere-ocean coupled and ECHAM5 T106 atmosphere-only models are compared. The topography, land-sea mask and glacier distribution for the ECHAM5 simulations were taken from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase II (PMIP2) data set while for ECHAM3 they were taken from PMIP1. The ECHAM5-MPIOM T31 model produced its own sea surface temperatures (SST) while the ECHAM5 T106 simulations were forced at the boundaries by this coupled model SSTs corrected from their present-day biases and the ECHAM3 T42 model was forced with prescribed SSTs provided by Climate/Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction project (CLIMAP). The SSTs in the ECHAM5-MPIOM simulation for the last glacial maximum (LGM) were much warmer in the northern Atlantic than those suggested by CLIMAP or Overview of Glacial Atlantic Ocean Mapping (GLAMAP) while the SSTs were cooler everywhere else. This had a clear effect on the temperatures over Europe, warmer for winters in western Europe and cooler for eastern Europe than the simulation with CLIMAP SSTs. Considerable differences in the general circulation patterns were found in the different simulations. A ridge over western Europe for the present climate during winter in the 500 hPa height field remains in both ECHAM5 simulations for the LGM, more so in the T106 version, while the ECHAM3 CLIMAP-SST simulation provided a trough which is consistent with cooler temperatures over western Europe. The zonal wind between 30° W and 10° E shows a southward shift of the polar and subtropical jets in the simulations for the LGM, least obvious in the ECHAM5 T31 one, and an extremely strong polar jet for the ECHAM3 CLIMAP-SST run. The latter can probably be assigned to the much stronger north-south gradient in the CLIMAP SSTs. The southward shift of the polar jet during the LGM is supported by palaeo-data. Cyclone tracks in winter represented by high precipitation are characterised over Europe for the present by a main branch from the British Isles to Norway and a secondary branch towards the Mediterranean Sea, observed and simulated. For the LGM the different models show very different solutions: the ECHAM3 CLIMAP-SST simulation shows just one track going eastward from the British Isles into central Europe, while the ECHAM5 T106 simulation still has two branches but during the LGM the main one goes to the Mediterranean Sea, with enhanced precipitation in the Levant. This agrees with an observed high stand of the Dead Sea during the LGM. For summer the ECHAM5 T106 simulation provides much more precipitation for the present over Europe than the other simulations, thus agreeing with estimates by the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). Also during the LGM this model makes Europe less arid than the other simulations. In many respects the ECHAM5 T106 simulation for the present is more realistic than the ECHAM5 T31 coupled simulation and the older ECHAM3 T42 simulation, when comparing them with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis or the GPCP precipitation data. For validating the model data for the LGM, pollen, wood and charcoal analyses were compared with possible summer-green tree growth from model estimates using summer precipitation, minimum winter temperatures and growing degree days (above 5 °C). The ECHAM5 T106 simulation suggests for more sites with findings of palaeo-data, likely tree growth during the LGM than the other simulations, especially over western Europe. The clear message especially from the ECHAM5 T106 simulation is that warm-loving summer-green trees could have survived mainly in Spain but also in Greece in agreement with findings of pollen or charcoal. Southern Italy is also suggested but this could not be validated because of absence of palaeo-data. Previous climate simulations of the LGM have suggested less cold and more humid climate than that reconstructed from pollen findings. Our model results do agree more or less with those of other models but we do not find a contradiction with palaeo-data because we use the pollen data directly without an intermediate reconstruction of temperatures and precipitation from the pollen spectra.

scholarly journals Microclimates and Tree Growth in Three Urban Spaces

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger K. Kjelgren ◽  
James R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Shade Acclimation ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Crown Size

Abstract Microclimates characteristic of urban park, plaza, and canyon spaces were related to physiology and growth of even-aged sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) street trees. Microclimates, tree growth, and physiological responses were characterized diurnally and seasonally. Park and plaza sites received unobstructed sunlight while the canyon was limited to four hours of direct solar radiation in midsummer. Potential seasonal insolation was 44% of the potential maximum at the canyon and over 90% at the park. Afternoon air temperatures and vapor pressure deficits were somewhat greater at the plaza than the other two sites, and potential pan evaporation was nearly 50% greater over the season. Tree growth at the plaza and canyon acclimated physiologically and developmentally to the prevailing environmental conditions. Thinner leaves and less trunk growth when compared with the park were indications of shade acclimation in the canyon trees. This did not, however, appear to affect crown size or shoot growth of canyon trees. In contrast, plaza trees were sparse and stunted, exhibiting diminished crown size and diameter increment when compared with tree at the other sites. Less favorable water relations suggested that chronically higher evaporative demand and limited soil resources restricted growth of the plaza trees. Park, plaza, and canyon designations of urban spaces can provide a useful framework for predicting microclimatic factors that can affect tree growth for an urban site. Long-term growth and development, however, with in any of these urban spaces will depend on interactions with existing soil conditions.

scholarly journals Comparison of Insecticides Against Oblr on Apple, 1997

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Reissig ◽  
M. Dunham ◽  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Fruit Damage ◽  
Grading Standards

Abstract Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of water/acre to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in two orchards: (1) ‘Idared’ trees (Nesbitt orchard), which were 10 ft high, 12 ft wide and with rows 20 ft apart, (2) ‘Delicious’ trees (Buhr orchard), which were 10 ft high, 9 ft wide and with rows 20 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated once in each orchard. Six schedules of a mixture of Confirm 2F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) and Latron B-1956 (16 oz/acre) were compared: (1) An initial spray was applied at the first catch of moths (20 Jun) followed by sprays on 1 Jul, 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (2) An initial spray was applied at the first catch of moths (20 Jun), followed by a spray at first hatch (1 Jul); (3) An initial spray was applied at first catch (20 Jun) followed by another spray on 16 Jul; (4) The initial spray was applied at the estimated mid-point of cumulative egg hatch (16 Jul), followed by a spray on 30 Jul; (5) The initial spray was applied at first hatch (1 Jul) followed by another spray at the estimated mid-point of cumulative egg hatch (16 Jul); (6) spray was applied at first hatch (1 Jul), followed by sprays on 16 Jul and 30 Jul. Also, Confirm 2°F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) + summer oil, Confirm 2°F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) and Confirm 2°F (3.0 oz (AI)/acre) 1 Latron B-1956 (16 oz/acre) were applied on 1 Jul, 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Three treatments of Spinosad 2 SC were compared: (1) Spinosad 2 SC (1.0 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch on (1 Jul), followed by additional sprays on 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (2) Spinosad 2 SC (1.25 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch (1 Jul), and on 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (3) Spinosad 2 SC (1.0 oz (AI)/acre) plus Confirm 2°F (3.0 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch (1 Jul), 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Lorsban 50 W (24 oz (AI)/acre) was applied as a standard treatment at first hatch (1 Jul), 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Check plots were not sprayed with insecticides during the test. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals from each of five randomly selected trees/plot for live larvae on 29 Jul. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated initially on 11, 12 Aug by sampling 100-200 apples from each of 4 randomly selected trees/plot. At harvest (30 Sep, Buhr orchard and 3 Oct, Nesbitt orchard), 200 apples were picked from each plot and OBLR damaged fruit was classified according to USDA grading standards into the categories of “Fancy”, #1 and culls.

Response of newly planted peach and apple trees to superphosphate

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
One Year ◽  
Peach Trees

The response of peach and apple trees to added superphosphate was recorded both in the nursery and later in the orchard after transplanting. The peach and apple trees responded positively to phosphate applications in both the nursery and the orchard despite the initial presence of medium to high phosphate levels in the soils. Of major interest, too, was the absence of a consistent interaction between the phosphate treatments applied in the separate years. This suggested that the trees could not accumulate enough phosphorus in any one year to influence their response to further phosphate. Leaf analysis showed two important effects in relation to the phosphate treatments. Firstly, since high rates of application of fertilizer led to only small increases in the levels of phosphorus in the leaves, tree growth rate and phosphate absorption rate are apparently closely coupled. Secondly, the deliberate withholding of phosphate fertilizer from all trees in the fourth season led to a marked decline in the levels of phosphorus in the leaves of both peach and apple, which suggested that phosphate fertilizer should be applied annually to young fruit trees. With apple, but not peach, increasing the rate of phosphate applied in the third season stimulated the number of flower buds initiated, but this effect was not simply the result of increased vegetative growth. On the other hand, phosphate application to the peach trees in the orchard resulted in a positive fruit set and yield response in the absence of any tree growth response.

Diagnosis of retarded growth in an apple orchard

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (69) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sitepu ◽  
HR Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Retarded Growth

Soil round trees in an Adelaide apple orchard was sampled to assess the concentrations of Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., stylet-bearing nematodes, soil texture (per cent clay), soil moisture and pH. Correlations between these factors and the size of apple trees (trunk circumference) suggested that parasitic nematodes, Pythium spp. and pH might together be important factors inhibiting tree growth. On the basis of these results, a statement is made on the possible causes of retarded growth in the orchard, and how the problem might be overcome. The main purpose of the work was to devise a simple approach that would enable diagnoses to be made of the causes of retarded growth or poor yield in a crop where several factors seemed to be involved. Such an approach might be useful to extension workers who have to deal with many plant disease problems at the same time.

Visual Target Acquisition: Bridging the Gap from Vision Research to Applied Models

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1418-1419
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Doll
Keyword(s):  
Vision Research ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Good News ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Ground Vehicles ◽  
Desert Storm ◽  
Highly Effective

One of the lessons learned in Desert Storm is that visual and electro-optical (VISEO) systems are highly effective. Most of us recall seeing CNN footage of EO sensors acquiring targets and guiding weapons to destroy the target. The effectiveness of VISEO systems is the good news. The bad news is that the other side is likely to be equipped with similar VISEO systems in the next war. Our personnel and materiel are therefore likely to be highly vulnerable to such systems in future conflicts. There is an urgent need to make our weapons systems, especially ground vehicles, less conspicuous on the battlefield, i.e., to develop more effective camouflage and signature suppression techniques.

THE EGGS AND OVIPOSITION SITES OF DIAPHNIDIA CAPITATA (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON APPLE TREES

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1316-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Horsburgh ◽  
Dean Asquith
Keyword(s):  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Oviposition Sites

AbstractNymphal and adult Diaphnidia capitata (Van Duzee) have long been recognized as predators of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus urticae Koch. The eggs and oviposition sites preferred by this species are described herein to supplement available descriptions of the eggs of mirid predators of spider mites.

Control of pudding spot in Crofton apple

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
KM Jones ◽  
SA Bound ◽  
MJ Oakford ◽  
TB Koen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Thinning Effect

Regularly cropped Crofton apple trees in southern Tasmania were thinned using sprays of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 10 mg/L or ethephon at 200 mg/L at balloon blossom (BB), full bloom (FB), 10 days after full bloom (DAFB) or 20 DAFB. These treatments were compared with hand thinning and an unthinned control. Ethephon had a uniformly mild thinning effect (about 30% compared to control), except at 10 DAFB, where no thinning occurred. NAA was inconsistent, thinning well at BB (50%), overthinning at both FB (85%) and 10 DAFB (88%), and underthinning at 20 DAFB (similar to the control). Ethephon applied at BB and FB increased both mean fruit weight (12 and 22%) and fruit size (28 and 79%), but later applications did not. NAA applications generally resulted in increased mean fruit weight and size, except for the 20 DAFB treatment, which was similar to the control. All ethephon treatments had a low incidence (43%) of pudding spot similar to the controls and hand-thinned treatments. Most NAA treatments showed significantly higher levels of pudding spot than the other treatments. It is concluded that ethephon is a more predictable thinner for Crofton than NAA, and its use to control pudding spot is recommended.

DISTRIBUTION OF PHYTOPHAGOUS AND PREDACIOUS MITES ON APPLE TREES IN NOVA SCOTIA

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. P. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Predacious Mites ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Predacious Mite ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Lower Position ◽  
Zetzellia Mali ◽  
Aculus Schlechtendali ◽  
Mature Apple

AbstractThe relative densities of phytophagous and predacious mites within mature apple trees were examined. The eggs of phytophagous mites Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.) and Panonychus ulmi (Koch) were more numerous in the lower position of the tree while the reverse was true for the predacious mite Zetzellia mali (Ewing) and its eggs.

THE EGG AND OVIPOSITION SITE OF DERAEOCORIS NEBULOSUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON APPLE TREES

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. McCaffrey ◽  
R. L. Horsburgh
Keyword(s):  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Ornamental Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Oviposition Sites

The predaceous mirid Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) is found on more than 50 species of ornamental trees and shrubs where it feeds on several important pest species (Wheeler et al. 1975). It is a common mite and aphid predator in commercial apple orchards in Virginia (Parrella et al. 1978). Wheeler et al. (1975) described the nymphal stages and biology, but made no mention of the egg or oviposition site. We describe the egg and oviposition site which we discovered while studying various predators of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Virginia apple orchards. Eggs and oviposition sites of other predaceous mirids associated with apple have been described (Kullenberg 1942; Collyer 1952, 1953; Sanford 1964; Horsburgh and Asquith 1968, 1970).

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