HOST SELECTION AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON TWO HOST SPECIES

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Female Wasp ◽  
Egg Distribution ◽  
Phaenicia Sericata ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Blowfly Pupae ◽  
Lower Production

AbstractThe oviposition behavior of the pteromalid parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) was investigated in an attempt to explain the difference in population density maintained on two species of host, the housefly, Musca domestica L., and the blowfly, Phaenicia sericata (Meigen). The behavior of a female wasp was significantly affected by the species of host to which she was exposed. When presented with 10 pupae for 24 hours she averaged 14.2 eggs on 3.0 housefly hosts and 8.3 eggs on 7.2 blowfly hosts of the same size.The importance of the alteration in behavior to the population density of Nasonia became apparent when the suitability of the two host species was examined. At all densities of eggs more wasps matured on blowfly pupae than on housefly pupae of the same size. Survival on both hosts decreased as the density of Nasonia eggs increased. The difference in egg distribution, coupled with lower survival on housefly pupae and at increased density suggests a considerably lower production by this parasitoid on housefly hosts, compared with that on blowfly pupae.

The effect of exposure to conspecifics on restlessness in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.H. King
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

AbstractWhen habitat quality is variable, there should be strong selection for the ability to detect and respond to the variation. Adult females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) are known to increase their restlessness (the proportion of time in locomotion) both during and after exposure to a poor quality host. Doing so provides a mechanism for leaving a poor host and potentially finding a better host. This study examined whether restlessness also changes in response to competition as indicated by the presence of adult conspecifics. Both restlessness and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment were greater when a female was with another female than when she was alone. However, restlessness did not remain elevated after the other female was removed. In contrast with females, restlessness of males did not increase either during or after exposure to other males, and the probability of dispersing across an inhospitable environment was unaffected by the presence of another male. The difference between females and males may be related to differences in dispersal ability and in the abundance and distribution of hosts versus mates.

Effect of Host (Musca domestica Linnaeus) Age on the Pteromalid Parasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walker)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1226-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Chabora ◽  
David Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis

AbstractAn investigation was made of the influence of age of the host (Musca domestica Linn.) in the pupal stage on the oviposition behavior and development of the pteromalid parasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.). Five age groups of hosts were employed in 10 pair combinations with an excess of hosts available for selection. Except for the 1-day-old hosts, more of the younger hosts of the combinations produced parasite progeny while the older hosts had a high percentage yielding neither fly nor parasite. Parasite production per pupa was 6.25 on the youngest hosts, with the number decreasing to 4.85 per host at 5 days. Hosts 2, 3, and 4 days old combined with 1-day-old hosts had higher rates of parasitism than when combined with hosts of other ages. The ranking for successful parasitization of hosts, by age of pupae, was 2, 3, 1, 4, and 5 days old.

The role of blood intake in density regulation of populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Female Fecundity ◽  
Density Regulation ◽  
Dependent Relationship ◽  
Development Times ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe growth of populations of Triatoma infestans (Klug) depends on temperature and blood-intake. Experiments are described which demonstrated the density-dependent relationship between population size, blood intake and population growth at different temperatures. The number of bugs feeding and their mean blood intake was lower at high bug densities than at low ones, both with restrained chickens and with unrestrained mice as hosts. When blood intake was restricted, the development times of all nymphal stages were increased, and female fecundity was decreased. Previous work showed also that reduced blood intake led to an increased tendency for adult flight. It is thought that at high bug density the three factors, increased development times, decreased fecundity and increased flight, operate to restore the population to a stable density without promoting an increase in mortality. The mechanism linking population density to nutritional status seemed to depend on host irritability, which interrupted the bugs' feeding. Bugs which passed a certain threshold meal size would not resume feeding if interrupted, even though their blood intake was well below normal. The difference between the minimal threshold meal and a normal meal is thought to provide the nutritional elasticity within which the development processes are regulated. It is suggested that this mechanism is characteristic of K-strategists, whereas r–strategists such as mosquitoes tend to continue attacking, even if interrupted, until they achieve a normal meal.

OPTIMAL SAMPLE SIZE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS ON BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 1621-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Régnière ◽  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Optimal Sample Size ◽  
Optimal Sample

AbstractAn equation is presented for the determination of sample sizes needed to estimate with a given precision the larval population density of spruce budworm on balsam fir and white spruce branch tips in Ontario. This equation is primarily applicable to low densities, but is valid to a density of 50 larvae/branch tip. The distribution of budworm larvae at densities below 0.1/branch tip is nearly random, and is aggregated at higher densities. Their distribution is the same on the two host species.

Foraging Behavior of the Mealybug Parasitoid Anagyrus sp.nov. nr. sinope (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juang-Horng Chong ◽  
Ronald D. Oetting
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Phenacoccus Madeirensis ◽  
Foraging Time

Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes and Menezes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a candidate biological control agent against the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). This study reported on the components of the oviposition behavior of Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope in relation to 6 developmental stadia of P. madeirensis: crawlers, second-instar nymphs, third-instar immature females, third-instar immature males, prereproductive adult females, and ovipositing adult females. A behavioral sequence and a time budget were prepared for Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope, indicating that the parasitoids foraging in a patch containing third-instar and prereproductive adult females had the highest probability to encounter and eventually parasitize a host. The parasitoids attacking third-instar and prereproductive adult females also spent the largest proportion of total foraging time in oviposition (67 and 69%, respectively) and had the longest handling time (997 and 655 sec per event, respectively). No third-instar immature males, which were wrapped in thick tests constructed of wax filaments, were parasitized by the parasitoids. Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope did not avoid superparasitism. Parasitoids foraging in patches of third-instar and adult females had a higher self-superparasitism rate (27–33%) than crawlers and second-instar nymphs (8–14%). The clutch sizes in the superparasitized mealybugs were slightly larger than those in the mealybugs parasitized only once, but the difference was only significant in the ovipositing female P. madeirensis. Older and larger mealybugs exhibited more vigorous defensive behaviors by walking away and flipping abdomens. However, such behavioral defenses were not effective against the persistent parasitoids.

Relationships among clean wool weight and its components. 2. The effect of maternal handicap and its influence on selection.

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
HN Turner
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Selection Differential ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Current Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fleece Weight

The average difference in clean wool weight between handicapped (twins and the progeny of young ewes) and unhandicapped (singles, the progeny of adults) animals of both sexes, born in the same year, was -0.34 � 0.07 lb (365 days' growth shorn at 16 months of age). 87% of the difference in wool weight arose from a difference in total number of fibres (or follicles) per sheep, the difference in output per follicle being negligible. Body weight, wrinkle score, and follicle population density were all lower in the handicapped animals. The difference in total follicle population arose from a deficiency in secondary but not in primary follicles. If the handicapped animals are not identified at selection, they will suffer a heavier culling rate if selection is on fleece weight, and estimates of differential culling rates are given. The effect on genetic progress and current production is, however, negligible with a handicap of this size. In fact, when the handicapped animals are twins, there are more animals available for selection than there would have been if the births had been single, and the higher selection differential arising from the smaller proportion saved more than offsets any deficiency from the handicap. The main effect of not identifying handicapped animals at selection is that twins will be selected against, with a resultant lowering of the twinning rate. The suggestion is made that management might possibly overcome the handicap, at least in part.

The effect of host species on diapause induction in Nasonia vitripennis

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Saunders ◽  
D. Sutton ◽  
R.A. Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis

scholarly journals The yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Strain 47) as manipulator of rumen fermentation in postpartal period of dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Petr Doležal ◽  
Jan Doležal
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Lower Production

In the present study, examined was the effect of a yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Strain 47) on rumen fermentation of cows. Animals received a diet consisting of good maize silage with a higher dry matter content (16  kg), 16  kg of clovergrass haylage, 3  kg of meadow hay and 7.5  kg feed mixture. The yeast culture was added to the mixture in the dose 6  g/day and cow. The supplement of yeast culture showed a positive effect on VFA production in comparison with control (1.16±0.013B vs. 0.84±0.063A  g/ 100 ml), and lower production of lactic acid. The utilisation of ammonia was higher by cows in treated group (8.68±0.084A mmol/L). The difference in number of protozoa of cows in the control and experimental groups was significant (302.0±12.349A vs. 359.2±1.304B ths /1 ml of rumen fluid).

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