INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD ON INITIATION OF DIAPAUSE IN THE APPLE MAGGOT

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Rhagoletis Pomonella ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
Diapause Development

AbstractThe initiation of the pupal diapause of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was found to be regulated by photoperiod and temperature. The stages of R. pomonella sensitive to these two regulatory factors were demonstrated to be the larva in the case of photoperiod and the larva and pupa in the case of temperature. Measurements with a highly sensitive photocell revealed that enough light passes through the skin and pulp of an apple to permit the response of the larvae to photoperiod to be direct. Diapause initiation was found to be independent of the effect of photoperiod or temperature on the adults and eggs and independent of the amount or type of larval food (apple or artificial).Where larvae and pupae were reared at 28°C and a photoperiod of 17 or 19 hours of light per 24-hour day, 1% of the pupae completed development in 23 days, 50% in 28 days, 75% in 30 days, and 100% in 64 days. These were the only regimes tested at which there was 100% non-diapause development, a finding which is directly applicable to continuous laboratory rearing of the apple maggot. Irrespective of temperature, diapause was induced in more than 50% of the pupae at a larval photoperiod of 11 hours. Even where larval photoperiod was favorable for 100% non-diapause development (17 or 19 hr), diapause was induced in more than 25% of the pupae if larval and pupal development occurred at 23°C and in a larger percentage if larval and pupal development occurred at 19°C.These findings are helpful in elucidating those conditions in nature under which a second generation of R. pomonella occurs.

scholarly journals A rapidly evolved shift in life history timing during ecological speciation is driven by the transition between developmental phases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Q. Powell ◽  
Andrew Nguyen ◽  
Qinwen Xia ◽  
Jeffrey L. Feder ◽  
Gregory J. Ragland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Data Accessibility ◽  
Seasonal Timing ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Developmental Phases

AbstractFor insect species in temperate environments, seasonal timing is often governed by the regulation of diapause, a complex developmental program that allows insects to weather unfavorable conditions and synchronize their lifecycles with available resources. Diapause consists of a series of phases that govern initiation, maintenance, and termination of this developmental pathway. The evolution of insect seasonal timing depends in part on how these phases of diapause development and post-diapause development interact to affect variation in phenology. Here, we dissect the physiological basis of a recently evolved phenological shift in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model system for ecological divergence. A recently derived population of R. pomonella shifted from specializing on native hawthorn fruit to earlier fruiting introduced apples, resulting in a 3-4 week shift in adult emergence timing. We tracked metabolic rates of individual flies across post-winter development to test which phases of development may act either independently or in combination to contribute to this recently evolved divergence in timing. Apple and hawthorn flies differed in a number of facets of their post-winter developmental trajectories. However, divergent adaptation in adult emergence phenology in these flies was due almost entirely to the end of the pupal diapause maintenance phase, with post-diapause development having a very small effect. The relatively simple underpinnings of variation in adult emergence phenology suggest that further adaptation to seasonal change in these flies for this trait might be largely due to the timing of diapause termination unhindered by strong covariance among different components of post-diapause development.Data accessibilityAll data (in the form of tables of all metabolic rate measurements for all individual flies in the study) will be available on DRYAD when the manuscript is published.

BIONOMICS OF THE DAMSEL BUG, NABIS AMERICOFERUS CARAYON (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE), A PREDATOR OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Guppy
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer

AbstractThe damsel bug, Nobis americoferus Carayon, develops through two generations a year in eastern Ontario. In early fall, females of the second generation develop a reproductive diapause but both sexes continue to feed until freeze-up. Post-diapause development begins in late March. Eggs are deposited singly in plant stems but several may be laid in close proximity. In alfalfa, most eggs were found where stem diameter measured from 0.8 to 1.9 mm but height of oviposition site was not related to length of stem. Females reared at 23°C laid an average of 157 eggs during a 3-week oviposition period. The immature stages of the first generation occurred from mid-April to mid-July and those of the second generation from mid-July to early September. The duration of each stage of N. americoferus, fed pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), and held at four constant temperatures, 18, 23, 28, and 31°C, decreased with increasing temperature. There was a highly correlated linear relationship between rate of development and temperature for all stages. The theoretical temperature threshold for development of eggs was 11.1°C and that for the nymphal stage was 10.6°C; degree-day requirements for these stages were 123.5 and 370.4, respectively. Developmental rate of nymphs varied with host as well as temperature; nymphs fed larvae of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), developed significantly faster than those fed pea aphid.

Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies. IX.—Biology of the Onion Fly, Delia antiqua (Mg.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Miles
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Delia Antiqua ◽  
Onion Fly ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
The Times ◽  
Autumn And Winter

SummaryThe Onion Fly (Delia antiqua (Mg.)) was bred at Wye, Kent, under insectary and laboratory conditions to obtain further information on its biology and reactions to various temperatures.A comparison of the times of emergence of overwintering generations of Onion Fly and Cabbage Root Fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.)) in an insectary showed that the former emerged consistently about a month later than the latter. This supported the observations of previous workers that the Onion Fly was not active in the field until late May.A diet containing protein was necessary for oviposition. The length of the preoviposition period was affected by temperature. Flies maintained at 25°C. laid eggs in 10–24 days, with an average of 15 days. At spring and summer laboratory temperatures (12–29°C.) the preoviposition period was 10–25 days, with an average of 15 days; and in autumn and winter (11–20°) it was 11–46 days with an average of 21 days. Flies maintained at 6–8° did not lay eggs.Flies in captivity laid up to 123 eggs at the rate of 1–45 per day. Intervals between batches of eggs varied from 1–9 days, and the oviposition period was 7–25 days. Flies lived up to 6 days after oviposition.The incubation period depended on the temperature. Eggs at 25°C. hatched in 2 days; at 20° in 3–4 days; at 15° in 4–6 days; and at 7–10° in 9–14 days.The temperature also affected the duration of larval and pupal stages. At 25°C. the successive larval stadia required 2, 2 and 5–9 days, respectively. Lowering the temperature increased the time for development until at 9–11° the three larval stadia required 8–12, 8–18 and 24–37 days, respectively. At 25° the pupal stage lasted 12–17 days; at 20° it was 16–25 days, and at 15° it was from 35 days to over a year. At 25–30° the development from egg to adult was completed in 25 days; at 25° it required 28 days; at 22–27°, 30 days; at 19–24°, 33 days.At 25°C. the Onion Fly bred continuously without diapause. When larvae were reared at temperatures below about 18° pupal development was often retarded. Pupae formed from larvae reared at 12–18° and maintained at approximately that temperature, required 94–442 days to complete their development. By raising the temperature of pupae formed from larvae reared below 18°, it was demonstrated that a true diapause had been induced. Of 54 pupae raised to 25°, 8 (15%) completed their development in the expected time (13–16 days) and 46 (85%) required 94–208 days. Of 322 pupae formed from larvae reared in an insectary in May and June at 10–18° and exposed to July temperatures of 13–20°, 37 (11%) emerged in 25–35 days and 252 (78%) required 234–294 days. Similarly, of 283 pupae formed from larvae reared at 12–21° and exposed to a temperature of 15–23°, 30 (11%) completed their development in 21–31 days while 253 (89%) required 118–341 days. Exposure to low temperatures was not necessary to terminate pupal diapause.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism with highly sensitive assay of blood TTH: clinical review and practical recommendations for use in Russia and USA

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
J. Figge ◽  
G. A. Gerasimov
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Almost All

Highly sensitive methods for determining the level of TSH, carried out using test kits of the second and third generation, make it possible to differentiate with high accuracy the normal and subnormal levels of TSH in the blood and are currently widely used to examine patients with thyroid pathology. These methods have been used for a long time in clinical practice in the United States of America, and recently they are also increasingly used in Russia. The level of TSH below normal values ​​is determined in almost all cases of hyperthyroidism (with the exception of cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma or resistance of the pituitary to thyroid hormones), which makes it possible to do without additional testing with tyroliberin (TRH). Methods for determining second generation TSH usually have a lower sensitivity limit of about 0.1 mU/L. When using the third generation methods, it is possible to accurately determine the level of TSH up to 0.01 mU/L. The fourth generation methods, which are still under development, will have a lower limit of determination of 0.001 mU/L, but they are unlikely to be used for routine clinical studies in the near future. At the Endocrinology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, third-generation methods are currently being used for routine clinical research (the Amerlight system, produced in Russia by the Amerkard joint venture). In addition to this system, other test systems of both domestic and foreign production are also available in Russia. In the USA, methods for determining TTG of the second and third generation are used. Third-generation systems are noticeably more expensive than second-generation systems. Given that in most patients with hyperthyroidism, the TSH level is in the range of less than 0.1 mU/L, methods for determining the third generation are more preferable. In general, the normal level of TSH in the blood of individuals in a state of euthyroidism is from 0.5 to 5.0 mU/L, although there are some interlaboratory differences in the standards for the level of TSH.

scholarly journals Effects of Low Temperature Exposure on Diapause, Development, and Reproductive Fitness of the Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): Implications for Voltinism and Laboratory Rearing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian J Duan ◽  
Jonathan M Schmude ◽  
Kristi M Larson
Keyword(s):  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Low Temperature Exposure

Abstract The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), native to Northeast Asia, is the most destructive invasive ash (Fraxinus spp.) pest in the United States. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of exposure of diapausing mature fourth instars (J-shaped larvae, JL) of EAB to cool temperatures, either 1.7 or 12.8°C for 1–9 mo, on their post-chill development including adult emergence, longevity, and lifetime fecundity under standard rearing conditions (26 ± 0.5°C, 16:8 h L:D). In addition, we determined the effect of different stages of the larvae chilled at 12.8°C for 3 mo on the subsequent post-chill development to EAB adults. Findings from the study revealed that a period (≥2 mo) of chill at 12.8°C is required for the termination of the EAB diapause. However, chill treatment of the larvae at the near zero temperature (1.7°C) does not result in the post-diapause larval development to adults, regardless of the chill time (1–9 mo). In addition, our results showed that chill treatment of immature young larvae (L1–L4 prior to JL) results in little production of EAB adults, indicating that EAB diapause predominantly as JL. Findings of this study may be useful to laboratory rearing of EAB from eggs through continuous generations and help us understand the pest’s voltinism resulting from the diapause and post-diapause development under different climatic conditions.

Pupal diapause development and termination is driven by low temperature chilling in Bactrocera minax

2013 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Cheng Dong ◽  
Zhi-Jian Wang ◽  
Anthony R. Clarke ◽  
Rui Pereira ◽  
Nicolas Desneux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
Diapause Development
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