Recognition and management of neonates at risk for perinatally acquired infection with human immunodeficiency virus

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
LS Franck ◽  
LM Johnson
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Perinatally Acquired

Sexual behaviour

2020 ◽  
pp. 1597-1599
Author(s):  
Catherine H. Mercer ◽  
Anne M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Sexual History ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Effective Contraception ◽  
People First

Discussion of sexual lifestyle and the ability to take a sexual history are relevant to many types of clinical practice. The age at which people first have sex has decreased and the age at which people start cohabiting has become later in recent decades, increasing the time available to accumulate sexual partners and thus be at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While many people have few partners, a small proportion of the population has many. People with many partners are most at risk of STIs, but there are many other influences including the gender, age, and ethnicity of their partners and the type of sexual practice. This chapter covers the adverse consequences of sexual behaviour (including STIs and unintended pregnancy), and initiatives to encourage reducing partner numbers, using condoms and effective contraception, and engaging in less risky practices.

scholarly journals Pilot Study of Markers for High-grade Anal Dysplasia in a Southern Cohort From the Women’s Interagency Human Immunodeficiency Virus Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1128
Author(s):  
Cecile D Lahiri ◽  
Minh Ly Nguyen ◽  
C Christina Mehta ◽  
Marina Mosunjac ◽  
Talaat Tadros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anal Cancer ◽  
Undetectable Viral Load ◽  
Promoter Hypermethylation ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anal Cytology ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background Anal cancer rates have increased, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected (HIV+) women. We assessed factors associated with anal precancer in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women from the Atlanta Women’s Interagency HIV Study cohort. Methods All participants underwent high-resolution anoscopy and anal cytology and had anal and cervical samples collected. Specimens were tested for 37 human papillomavirus (HPV) types and for FAM19A4 and microRNA124-2 promoter methylation. Binary logistic regression and multivariate analysis were conducted with histologic anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (A-HSIL) as the dependent variable. Results Seventy-five women were enrolled: 52 (69%) were HIV+ with three-fourths having undetectable viral load; 64 (86%) were black; mean age was 49 ± 8 years. Forty-nine (65%) anal cytology samples were abnormal, and 38 (51%) of anal samples were positive for at least 1 of 13 high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types. Thirteen (18%) anal biopsies identified A-HSIL. Hypermethylation of FAM19A4 and/or microRNA124-2 was found in 69 (95%) anal samples and 19 (26%) cervical samples. In multivariate analyses, the odds of having A-HSIL were >6 times higher in women with anal hrHPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.08 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.27–29.18], P = .02) and with positive cervical methylation (aOR, 6.49 [95% CI, 1.66–25.35], P = .007), but not significantly higher in women with positive anal methylation. Conclusions Anal hrHPV and promoter hypermethylation in the cervix show promise as biomarkers for anal cancer screening in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women. Greater understanding of gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation in anal carcinogenesis is needed.

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