Does Erosion Corrosion Account for Intriguing Damage to the Civil War Submarine H.L. Hunley?1

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 38-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jacobsen ◽  
Vincent Y. Blouin ◽  
William Shirley
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Ballast Tanks

AbstractExcavation of the Civil War submarine H.L. Hunley, raised from the seabed off Charleston, South Carolina, has revealed large hull breaches in the fore and aft sections of the vessel. Initially, the damage was thought to have occurred the night the pioneering submarine sank in 1864, but recent hull forensic studies indicate that the two largest breaches in the submarine’s ballast tanks occurred due to natural and site-specific seabed conditions and did not contribute to the submarine’s demise. To reconstruct and interpret these conditions, a new methodology has been developed that utilizes forensic data embedded in the marine concretion covering the iron hull. Results from an experiment conducted to test the theory further support the notion that the largest breaches were likely caused by the combined effects of erosion and corrosion of the iron hull in the marine environment.

Secession and War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Kelso
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Critical Step ◽  
Early Experiences

In this chapter, John Russell Kelso narrates the events that occurred between April and July 1861 as the Civil War broke out. He recalls how his school closed a few weeks earlier than usual following the intense excitement generated by the firing upon Fort Sumpter by the secessionists of South Carolina. He considers his decision to stand by the Union as it prepared to fight the Confederate States to be the most critical step of his life. During a grand meeting called in their town, addressed by Peter Wilkes and other speakers from Springfield, Missouri. Kelso joined with others to form military companies called Home Guards. He was the first man to volunteer into this service. Kelso shares his early experiences as a Union soldier fighting the Confederate rebels.

“Dem Was Hard Times, Sho’ Nuff”

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Peter Irons
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
New Deal ◽  
White Men ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Hard Times

This chapter is almost entirely in the words of two very different groups of people: the first is four White men, all distinguished in state and federal offices, who defended slavery in the years leading up to the Civil War; the second is composed of thirteen former slaves, in accounts of their lives recorded and transcribed in the 1930s by a New Deal agency, the Federal Writers Project. The four slavery defenders are John Calhoun of South Carolina, a former vice president, who predicted an eventual breakup of the Union over slavery; George Fitzhugh, a lawyer who claimed that Black slaves were “happy” and well-cared-for by their masters; Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, who resigned from the Senate in 1861 to become president of the Confederacy; and Alexander Stephens of Georgia, who served as Davis’s vice president. Countering the myth of the “happy slave,” its victims recounted the brutality they endured, the breakup of slave families by selling wives from husbands and children from parents, and the “breeding” of “big black bucks” with multiple women to produce more slaves.

On-Site Neutralization of Civil War Munitions Recovered From an Underwater Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Valentine A. Nzengung ◽  
Ben Redmond
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
Black Powder ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Explosive Ordnance Disposal ◽  
Civil War Era ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis paper describes the recovery, on-site nondestructive mechanical breaching, and chemical neutralization of munitions recovered from an underwater environment. The munitions were recovered during salvaging of the scuttled confederate states ship (CSS) Georgia, as part of the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project (SHEP). The CSS Georgia was scuttled on December 20, 1864. The CSS Georgia wreck site is on the Georgia and South Carolina border and covers an approximate area of 350 × 200 feet at a depth of about 36 feet. Because the CSS Georgia shipwreck site would obstruct the SHEP, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) entered into agreements to salvage some artifacts, including the munitions, for conservation. Due to the historical significance of the artifacts and the munitions among the CSS Georgia wreckage, the USACE required that the munitions be neutralized in the safest and least destructive manner possible. The munitions on board the scuttled CSS Georgia consisted of two types of civil war era projectiles, often described as cannon balls. A total of 185 munitions were removed from the CSS Georgia site in 2015. The majority of the recovered projectiles (170) were mechanically breached, and energetics were safely neutralized using MuniRem, an innovative chemical reduction reagent for explosives. After the black powder was completely flushed and neutralized, fuzes were unscrewed, if it could be done safely; otherwise, the explosive ordnance disposal technicians drilled into the fuzes at an angle. The contents of the fuze were neutralized in a solution of MuniRem before reattachment to the projectile. The neutralized black powder solids and wastewater were disposed as nonhazardous wastes. This project constitutes the largest on-site chemical neutralization of recovered confederate and underwater disposed military munitions from the U.S. civil war era.

Reconstruction of a Civil War landscape: Little Folly Island, South Carolina

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 824-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott P. Hippensteel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War

Sherman’s March in American History and Cultural Memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Sarah Rubin
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Civil War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
American History ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
Sherman's March

Sherman’s March, more accurately known as the Georgia and Carolinas Campaigns, cut a swath across three states in 1864–1865. It was one of the most significant campaigns of the war, making Confederate civilians “howl” as farms and plantations were stripped of everything edible and all their valuables. Outbuildings, and occasionally homes, were burned, railroads were destroyed, and enslaved workers were emancipated. Long after the war ended, Sherman’s March continued to shape American’s memories as one of the most symbolically powerful aspects of the Civil War. Sherman’s March began with the better-known March to the Sea, which started in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 22 of the same year. Sherman’s men proceeded through South Carolina and North Carolina in February, March, and April of 1865. The study of this military campaign illuminates the relationships between Sherman’s soldiers and Southern white civilians, especially women, and African Americans. Sherman’s men were often uncomfortable with their role as an army of liberation, and African Americans, in particular, found the March to be a double-edged sword.

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