Underwater Noise Pollution From Munitions Clearance and Disposal, Possible Effects on Marine Vertebrates, and Its Mitigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Koschinski
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
Internal Bleeding ◽  
Marine Vertebrates ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Short Signal

AbstractUnderwater detonations have the potential for serious injury in marine vertebrates such as fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals. The high detonation velocity creates a shock wave. The main reason for injury is the extremely short signal rise time combined with a high overpressure. A negative pressure phase generating cavitation shortly after the peak overpressure can increase organ and tissue damage. Due to surface reflection generating a reversed phase replica of the detonation, this phenomenon is very pronounced in shallow waters. Organs most seriously affected by detonations are those with gas/tissue interfaces (e.g., ears, lungs, swim bladders, air sacs, intestines). Observed injuries include disruption of cells and tissues by differential displacement, internal bleeding, embolism, and auditory damage. Furthermore, compression of the thorax by the shock wave initiates a rapid increase in blood pressure, which can cause damage in the brain and ears. In order to protect marine life, all possible attempts should be made to avoid underwater detonations. For detonations that cannot be avoided due to safety considerations, a number of mitigation measures are presented including bubble curtains, scaring devices, visual and acoustic monitoring, and seasonal and spatial planning. However, mitigation measures have varying degrees of efficiency. Low-order detonations are not a real alternative due to the release of toxic munitions constituents to the environment. For each detonation, a proper site- and munitions-specific risk assessment and mitigation strategy must be developed.

scholarly journals A Review of the Impacts of Roads on Wildlife in Semi-Arid Regions

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Richard J. Dean ◽  
Colleen L. Seymour ◽  
Grant S. Joseph ◽  
Stefan H. Foord
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

Roads now penetrate even the most remote parts of much of the world, but the majority of research on the effects of roads on biota has been in less remote temperate environments. The impacts of roads in semi-arid and arid areas may differ from these results in a number of ways. Here, we review the research on the impacts of roads on biodiversity patterns and ecological and evolutionary processes in semi-arid regions. The most obvious effect of roads is mortality or injury through collision. A diversity of scavengers are killed whilst feeding on roadkill, a source of easily accessed food. Noise pollution from roads and traffic interferes with vocal communication by animals, and birds and frogs living along noisy roads compensate for traffic noise by increasing the amplitude or pitch of their calls. Artificial light along roads impacts certain species’ ability to navigate, as well as attracting invertebrates. Animals are in turn attracted to invertebrates at streetlights, and vulnerable to becoming roadkill themselves. Genetics research across taxa confirms a loss of genetic diversity in small populations isolated by roads, but the long-term impact on the fitness of affected populations through a reduction in genetic diversity is not yet clear. Roads may rapidly cause genetic effects, raising conservation concerns about rare and threatened species. We assess mitigation measures and collate methods to identify the impact of roads on wildlife populations and their associated ecosystems, with a particular focus on recent advances.

Holistic Approach to Reduce Rural Roadway Departure Crashes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2364 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Kohinoor Kar ◽  
Richard S. Weeks ◽  
Krishna Satti
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Highway Safety ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Serious Injury

Two-lane rural roadways generate a disproportionate number of fatal and serious injury crashes. Many safety measures to date have reduced crash severity. As roadway design guides have evolved, they have incorporated changes that address safety needs. Advanced vehicle designs have incorporated features that protect occupants. Regulations have addressed risky driver behavior. Technological improvements have reduced emergency response times and transport times to trauma centers. To mitigate rural roadway departure issues, the engineering, education, enforcement, and emergency response (4E) approach has recently been implemented by some highway transportation agencies. Including nonengineering mitigation measures along with engineering mitigations, such as improved roadway and roadside design, and maintenance practices has had positive effects on rural roadway departure crashes. Improved vehicle designs have had positive effects on severity. Improved emergency response has had positive effects on survival rate. Education and enforcement efforts have had positive effects on driver behavior. The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act emphasizes an application of the 4E approach with full flexibility in the use of Highway Safety Improvement Program and Highway Safety Program funds. This paper advances a holistic analytical approach by coordinating the use of the 4Es and identifies the need for research to support and validate the proposed optimization approach. A data-driven model is presented for optimizing the allocation of 4E resources at the program level to address rural roadway departure crash issues. The same model can be applied at the project level.

Study of the Interaction of Shock Wave / Laminar Boundary Layer

2011 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Hamza Gouidmi ◽  
Abdelhadi Beghidja ◽  
Mohamadi Said ◽  
Razik Benderradji
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Shock Wave ◽  
Laminar Boundary Layer ◽  
Supersonic Nozzle ◽  
Oblique Shock ◽  
Oblique Shock Wave ◽  
Interaction Zone ◽  
Surface Reflection ◽  
Commercial Code ◽  
Wave Induced

We are interested In this study to the interaction between oblique shock wave, induced by a surface of a supersonic nozzle with an angle of inclination of θw=8.5°, by a laminar boundary layer generated by a flat surface (reflection of oblique shock on a flat wall) . We studied also the problem of the development of the interaction zone and its unsteadiness. Our study is based on complex numerical simulation of interaction of shock wave / boundary layer and on their disturbance found within the interaction zone. This is the area of unsteady physical characteristics. This study was conducted under condition that the flow is compressible, of laminar and two-dimensional character. We treated also the point of detachment of the boundary layer by varying the value of the upstream Mach number. We compared our results (obtained by the commercial code FLUENT) with those found numerically and experimentally.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Noise Pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Nazmi Liyana Mohd Napi ◽  
◽  
Mohd Hafizul Zainal ◽  
Samsuri Abdullah ◽  
Nazri Che Dom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
P Value ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
School Students

An undesired or hazardous outdoor sound produced by human activities is referred to as environmental noise. For example, the noise emitted through industrial activities and transportation networks such as road, rail and air traffic. In Malaysia, most of the schools located very close to the roadside and near busy places such as cities, shops, and residential areas. This study aims to analyze the environmental noise in terms of spatial and temporal analysis in two primary schools in Terengganu State. The noise monitoring had conducted in two (2) primary schools with different land use; residential area (Batu Rakit Primary School) and commercial area (Paya Bunga Primary School) on the school and non-school days by using Sound Level Meter (SLM). The spatial mapping had constructed by using SketchUp® 2018 and Surfer® version 11 software. The noise level between both study areas was significantly different based on a p-value of less than 0.05. It also surpassed the Department of Environment (DOE) of Malaysia's permitted limit, with the Equivalent Noise Level (LAeq) in residential areas being greater than in commercial areas due to traffic volume and noise from nearby activities. Lastly, the area near the roadside has higher critical noise pollution compared with the location that furthers from the roadside. In conclusion, this study is useful in creating awareness to the public about the noise pollution effect on primary school students and is also can be used for mitigation measures to have a better place for students to study.

scholarly journals RAIDING PATTERN OF MIGRATORY ELEPHANTS IN A HUMAN DOMINATED LANDSCAPE IN NORTHERN BANGLADESH

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shamsuddoha ◽  
M. Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Border Fence ◽  
Serious Injury

This study addresses raiding patterns of migratory elephants in northern Bangladesh by raiding area visit, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews and other secondary sources. During the study period, over 750 acres of cropland, at least 228 houses, death of 8 people and serious injury to 26 people was caused due to elephant raiding; additionally, 2 elephants also died due to conflict. We observed that migratory herds cross the surrounded border fence from India to Bangladesh through at least 61 entry points, raided for a week or more in 54 border villages then moved back. The group sizes of raiding elephants were highly biased to large groups and didn’t vary seasonally. Raiding is elevated during the summer and autumn months, at night, and just before and after the paddy harvest season. It has been found that raiding incidents took place mainly around the crop fields and human settlements which were in close proximity to the border fence. Possible mitigation measures recommended specific for this transboundary region include improvement and preservation of remaining forest patches as a core elephant zone, eco-development initiatives, intensive awareness program, bilateral collaboration with Indian government towards conservation initiatives.ECOPRINT 24: 21-27, 2017

scholarly journals Monitoring and Assessing the Environmental Noise along a Busy Traffic Corridor of Ahmedabad City, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-209
Author(s):  
Ketan Lakhtaria ◽  
Sandip Trivedi ◽  
Anurag Kandya
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Road Traffic Noise ◽  
Traffic Corridor ◽  
Average Noise Level

Noise pollution is a growing problem across the world and one which many people may not be aware of the impacts on their health. The environmental noise, and in particular the road traffic noise, remains a major environmental problem affecting the health and well-being of millions of people. With this background, a comprehensive ‘noise pollution assessment study’ was undertaken for a busy traffic corridor of Ahmedabad city of India. The traffic corridor which spans around 22.25 km passes through a mix of different areas like educational, commercials and residential. A two week long field survey was carried out on this corridor during 10-23 May, 2018 at 24 locations spread over the entire corridor. The assessment reveals that the average noise level always exceeded the prescribed guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO) for the daytime noise (75 dB (A) for Industrial area, 65 dB (A) for Commercial area, 55 dB (A) for Residential area and 50 dB (A) for Silence zones), which is quite alarming. For a major portion of the traffic corridor (79.6%), even the minimum noise level was above the permissible average noise level which is a matter of great concern. The highest noise level observed was 86.0 dB (A). Clubbing the ranks of the traffic corridor segments for the noise indicators like LAeq, Lmin, Lmax, L90, L50, L10 and LNP revealed that locations like Akhbarnagar followed by Naranpura were in the nosiest. Looking to implications of the high noise levels on the human health and productivity, it is important to initiate suitable mitigation measures. The present comprehensive study brings forth the spatial and quantitative aspects of noise pollution across the busy corridor of the city which would be of great help to the civic administration in understanding the magnitude of the problem and subsequently initiate suitable mitigative measures.

Safety Considerations in Bicycle Moto-Cross Racing: A Case Study

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 443-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Jackson ◽  
H. Harvey Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Supervised Training ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
National Databases

This paper presents a case study and literature review on the subject of bicycle moto-cross racing. The case involves a 17 year old male who was severely injured as a result of crashing into a jump during a BMX race. The young man suffered a broken neck and is now a quadriplegic. The paper examines both medical and popular literature on BMX racing and safety. Questions posed include: why no studies have been done to determine the risk of injury in BMX racing; why there are no national databases on BMX injury statistics; and what role the image of BMX in popular magazines plays in promoting or dismissing safety in BMX racing? We found very little information available on the subject of BMX. What information we did locate was inconsistent regarding rules of safety and sportsmanship, risk of injury, and opinion on the safeness of BMX racing. We recommend the following practices as ways to increase safety in the sport: multiple track levels designed for different skill levels; supervised training programs with practice areas for experimenting with new maneuvers; and lessons in tumbling and falling safely to minimize the risk of injuries. We also suggest that studies and databases need to be compiled to consistently evaluate the risk of serious injury in BMX racing.

scholarly journals A complementary metric to define a buffer zone in brazilian airports

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz André de Carvalho ◽  
Jules Ghislain Slama ◽  
Carlos David Nassi
Keyword(s):  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Control Curve ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Speech Interference

The legislation on aircraft noise in Brazil recognizes the DNL metric as the only tool to perform noise airport zoning. This paper examines the importance of adopting an auxiliary metric to characterize the impacts of aircraft noise at a specific building sensitive to noise, especially in analysis of speech interference and sleep disturbance. A complementary measure, LAeq, associated with the Brazilian standard for controlling noise pollution, NBR 10151 (Assessment of noise in inhabited areas, for Community comfort), was used in this work. A control curve based the LAeq and on the standart was created and the buffer area between the control curve and DNL 65dB (A) was the object of study of this work. The results showed a high number of people who are affected by aircraft noise and are despised by the public authorities, only at Congonhas airport this number reaches the mark of 596,808 people. The adoption of complementary metric is intended to assist decision makers in identifying people highly annoyed by aircraft noise, allowing the creation of mitigation measures in the affected areas.

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