Carbon-Efficient Supply Chains

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Christos Kalogeropoulos ◽  
Eleftheria Missou ◽  
Nikolaos Elias Pavlis ◽  
Dimitris Psychoyios
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Guidelines And Standards ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The interest of present study lies on the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) that are generated throughout the supply chain. It has been proven by numerous studies that the anthropogenic activities generate GHG emissions, and actions can be undertaken to mitigate the problem, and the impact of them on the market. This study addresses the issue of the accurate calculation of the so-called Carbon Footprint of an enterprise. During their research, the authors point out the ways that enterprises could avail from it, and how Carbon Footprint influences the purchases. It is evident, though, that there is still much work to be done concerning measuring Carbon Footprint, since common guidelines and standards used are being developed in global scale. This study recommends that empirical studies need to be made in order to inquire into the cost-benefit analysis of implementing a Carbon Footprint calculation.

scholarly journals Estimation of Damage Cost to Building Façades per kilo Emission of Air Pollution in Norway

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terje Grøntoft
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Marginal Cost ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Damage Cost ◽  
Damage Costs ◽  
Marginal Damage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This work reports marginal damage costs to façades due to air pollution exposure estimated “bottom up,” for Norway and Oslo (Norway) by the use of exposure response functions (ERFs) and impact pathway analysis from the emission to the deteriorating impact. The aim of the work was to supply cost estimates that could be compared with reported damage costs to health, agriculture, and ecosystems, and that could be used in cost-benefit analysis by environmental authorities. The marginal damage costs for cleaning, repair, and in total (cleaning + repair) were found to be, in Norway: eight, two, and 10, respectively, and for a traffic situation in Oslo: 50 (77), 50 (28), and 100 (105), (×/÷ 2.5) Euro/kg emission of PM10, SO2, and NO2 in total. For Oslo, the values represent a recorded façade materials inventory for 17–18th century buildings, and in the brackets the same façade inventory as for Norway. In total, 5–10% of the marginal damage cost was found to be due to NO2. The total marginal cost was found to be shared about equally between the impact of PM10 and SO2 in Norway (50 and 42% of the impact) and for the 17–18th century buildings in Oslo (45% and 49% of the impact), but for a similar façade materials inventory in Oslo as Norway, the total marginal cost due to PM10 was about two-thirds and that due to SO2 about one-third of the total, with about 5% of the cost still being due to NO2. The division of the costs between the separate pollutant influences on the cleaning and repair was, however, found to be significantly different in Norway and Oslo. In Norway, about 60% of the marginal cleaning cost was found to be due to PM10, 30% due to SO2, and 10% due to NO2. In Oslo, about 85% of the marginal cleaning costs were found to be due to PM10, 10% due to SO2, and 5% due to NO2. For the marginal repair cost, the opposite situation was found, in both Norway and Oslo, with 80–90% of the cost being due to SO2, 5–10% being due to PM10, and 5–10% due to NO2. As other factors than air pollution deteriorates façades and influences maintenance decisions, the expenses that can be attributed to the air pollution could be significantly lower.

The use of animals in research: counting the costs and the benefits

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Ethics ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Animal Ethics Committees ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes requires Animal Ethics Committees to assess the merits of any research proposal involving the use of sentient animals. As part of that assessment they should make a judgment as to whether or not the costs to the welfare of the experimental animals are outweighed by the benefits of the predicted experimental outcome (i.e. conduct a cost–benefit analysis). This paper describes one approach that has been proposed to assist Animal Ethics Committees to take all factors into account when making this judgment. When agricultural animals are used in research the potential benefits are usually measured in terms of improved health and welfare or increased productivity when the research outcomes are applied to other animals reared in agricultural enterprises. When the aim of a project is to improve the health and welfare of the animals (i.e. ‘animal benefit’), the benefits are usually obvious and counting the cost is straightforward even if the impact on the animals under experimentation is quite extreme (e.g. death as an unavoidable endpoint in a vaccination experiment). Where the benefits accrue solely in terms of increased productivity or economic gain (i.e. ‘human benefit’), then balancing the costs and the benefits can be more problematical because people’s personal beliefs and their orientation towards animal welfare influence their assessment. Economists indicate that it is not increased productivity per se that generates value but consumption. Therefore, consumer perceptions of any adverse impact that gains in productivity have on the welfare of farmed animals can play a significant role in determining the ultimate benefit (value) of a particular piece of research with the sole aim to increase production and economic gain. This paper will explore some postulated relationships between productivity and animal welfare which could influence consumer preferences and hence the cost–benefit analysis.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Reducing Surgical Site Infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
Alexander Rosemurgy ◽  
Jacqueline Whitaker ◽  
Kenneth Luberice ◽  
Christian Rodriguez ◽  
Darrell Downs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Pancreatic Resections ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Abdominal Operations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Surgical Site Infections (SSI) represent an onerous burden on our health-care system. This study was undertaken to determine the impact of a protocol aimed at reducing SSIs on the frequency and cost of SSIs after abdominal surgery. Beginning in 2013, 811 patients undergoing gastrointestinal operations were prospectively followed. In 2014, we initiated a protocol to reduce SSIs. SSIs were monitored before and after protocol implementation, and differences in SSI incidence and associated costs were determined. Before protocol initiation, standardized operative preparation cost was $40.85 to $126.94 per patient depending on the results of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus screen; after protocol initiation, the cost was $43.85 per patient, saving up to $83.09 per patient. With the protocol in place, SSI rate was reduced from 4.9 to 3.4 per cent (13 of 379) representing a potential prevention of eight infections that would have cost payers $166,280 ($20,785 per infection). Notably, the SSI rate after pancreatectomy was reduced by 63 per cent ( P = 0.04). With preparation and diligence, SSI rate can be meaningfully reduced and potential cost savings can be achieved. In particular, SSI rate reduction for major abdominal operations and especially pancreatic resections can be achieved. A protocol to reduce SSI is a “win-win” for all stakeholders and should be encouraged with thoughtful and active participation from all hospital disciplines.

scholarly journals Environmental Bio Economic Impact in Nicaragua

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Blanco Orozco ◽  
Napoleón Vicente ◽  
Zúniga González ◽  
Carlos Alberto
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Sugar Mills ◽  
The Impact

In this article the Bio economy of power plants connected to the national interconnected system of Nicaragua is analyzed, through the study of environmental effects of greenhouse gases emissions from the use of solid biomass from sugarcane bagasse and oil to generate electricity. In addition, an analysis of Cost - Benefit of investments to the electricity generation using fossil fuel and bagasse is done. The Methodology EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool (EX-ACT) was used; this methodology was proposed by the United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO) to determine the overall greenhouse gases (GHG) emission balance. Additionally, the WinDASI program, also developed by FAO, was used for the Cost - Benefit Analysis of investment in power plants. Furthermore, we performed marginal costing GHG reduction. The results show, that all plants are sources of GHG emissions, however the impact of sugar mills is partially positive by reforestation components and annual crops. However, the component inputs had negative environmental and socially impact. In the case of thermal power generation plants based on petroleum connected to the national grid, they were found to be sources of greenhouse gases. The analysis of the Benefit Cost in their investment indicates that there is a positive financially impact except in ALBANISA power plant and sugar Mills power plants.

scholarly journals Consideration of climate change-induced corrosion by structural codes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nogal ◽  
Emilio Bastidas-Arteaga ◽  
Helena Maria dos Santos Gervásio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Problem Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact

<p>The impact of climate change on ambient temperature and relative humidity along with the present CO2 levels are speeding the corrosion process of reinforced concrete structures. The alarming cost of the associated reduction of the service life of structures, which is estimated to cost 3% to 4% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of industrialized countries, has put the spotlight on the importance of introducing the issue of climate change on the new generation of Eurocodes. Amongst the strategies to tackle the problem, design-phase measures seem not to be always cost- effective, nevertheless, measures during service-life are generally the most expensive. This paper discusses the potential strategies to be addressed by structural codes to tackle the problem of climate change-induced corrosion, considering aspects such as the cost-benefit analysis, viability, and the large uncertainty involved in climate change evolution.</p>

scholarly journals Cost Benefit Analysis for Electrical Loading System for Transformers of a Barangay

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Carmela Mady B. Manabat ◽  
Marielle C. Alejo ◽  
Loraine V. Dela Cruz. ◽  
Joseph M. Apan ◽  
Renato D. Erasquin Jr,
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Electrical Loading ◽  
Loading System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Impact

The study assessed the cost and benefit of electrical loading management of transformers. There is a serious occurrence of over and under loaded transformer which deeply affects the power quality or system loss and reliability of the distribution lines. Initially, the percent loading of the 27 transformers of Feeder 21 were identified using Microsoft Excel 2016. Then, the identified transformers were classified into three categories; overload (greater than 70%), under loaded (less than 40%) and normal loaded (40-70%). Through this process, three (3) solutions were identified: Solution I - change the transformer rating, Solution II – merge and transfer transformer loadsand Solution III - combine solution I and II. The three-solution used to identify the new percent loading to meet the normal percent loading (40-69%). Subsequently, the reduced Core and Copper Losses, Annual Energy Save, Savings and Benefit/Cost Ratio were computed and analyzed to determine the impact of loadingmanagement. The results show that there was an accumulated savings of Php 332,060.08 for Solution I, Php 92,043.09 for Solution II and Php 252,045.78 for Solution III. In the case of Benefit/Cost ratio it should be greater than 1 (>1) for a project to be economically feasible and justifiable; Solution I was 1.22, Solution II was 687.3 and 1.93 for Solution III. Based on the results of the study, SolutionIII was best among the three, for it has met the criteria of all transformers were all in normal loaded (40-70%) condition, and greater than 1 benefit/cost ratio.

scholarly journals Analysing the prospect of the maritime common information sharing environment’s implementation and feasibility in Montenegro

Pomorstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-266
Author(s):  
Andrej Mihailovic ◽  
Nexhat Kapidani ◽  
Enis Kočan ◽  
David Merino Delgado ◽  
Jari Räsänen
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Maritime Surveillance ◽  
Eu Project ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operational Aspects

This paper outlines an extensive analysis of the case of Montenegro’s maritime surveillance system becoming integrated within the European Common Information Sharing Environment (CISE). Threats to secure maritime borders across Europe are ever-present and regularly demand coordinated efforts between the member states to tackle and prevent them, e.g. illegal immigration across the Mediterranean. Administration for Maritime Safety and Port Management (AMSPM) in Montenegro is a member of the ANDROMEDA EU project that seeks to facilitate deployments and demonstrations of CISE trials across the European regions, towards their endorsement readiness. AMSPM is now at the forefront of assessing and deploying the CISE components in Montenegro. It thus appropriately evaluates the operational aspects, observes the CISE implementations in some European states, formulates the impact for other national stakeholders, as well as the very prospect of the resulting augmented maritime surveillance in the country. This substantiates the content of this paper as the feasibility of the CISE deployment in Montenegro, supported by a snapshot of the cost-benefit analysis. We aspire to offer novel perspectives and insights that could be a universally useful experience to different CISE implementation initiatives, especially for countries or regions of similar smaller sizes and coastal area.

A Comparative Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Outsourcing Vs. Insourcing Cleaning Services in a Rural Hospital in Uganda

2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paschal N Mujasi ◽  
Zerish Z Nkosi
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quality Rating ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background:This study estimates the net cost benefit of outsourcing cleaning services in a hospital in Uganda. The aim is to demonstrate an approach that can be applied by hospital managers using readily available data to conduct a cost benefit analysis as part of pre-sourcing evaluation.Methods:A before and after design was used to analyze, from the hospital manager’s perspective, the impact of outsourcing cleaning services on the hospital’s costs. Cost and service quality data was collected for the pre- and post- outsourcing period. Net costs of outsourcing were determined using a total cost pre- and post-out-sourcing approach. Benefits were monetized by comparing the costs of outsourcing with the theoretical in-sourcing costs that would be required to achieve the same quality as outsourced cleaning services. The theoretical in-sourcing costs were estimated by weighting the actual insourcing costs by a quality factor based on the hospital manager’s rating of service quality pre- and post-outsourcing. The outcome measures were the net total cost and cost per square meter cleaned for a one-year period.Results:Before adjusting for quality, outsourcing cleaning services were more costly than insourcing, with an annual cost of UGX 644.35 ($ 0.25) and UGX 568.07 ($ 0.22) per square meter cleaned, respectively. After adjusting for quality, outsourcing is cost-beneficial, providing a cost saving of UGX 372.20 ($ 0.14) per square meter cleaned. Sensitivity analysis indicates that cost of the outsourcing contract and manager’s quality rating of outsourced services have the greatest impact on value for money from outsourcing. An annual contract cost above UGX 1000 ($ 0.38) per square meter cleaned makes outsourcing less beneficial, keeping all other factors constant. An average quality rating below 5 for the outsourced service makes outsourcing less beneficial cost wise.Conclusion:Outsourcing resulted in additional hospital expenditure compared to in-sourcing, but also resulted in better quality service. Adjusting for quality makes outsourcing more cost beneficial. The magnitude of the cost benefit is sensitive to the contract value and the managers’ quality rating of the outsourced services.

Cost-Benefit Criteria for Urban Public Transport Subsidies

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Dodgson ◽  
N Topham
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Service Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In this paper cost-benefit rules for public transport subsidies are considered. Recent applications of cost-benefit analysis to the appraisal of bus service provision are surveyed, and justifications for public transport subsidy considered. The authors derive the cost-benefit ratio appropriate for considering the benefits to public transport users of a fare reduction financed through increased local taxation on housing services. The cost-benefit rules are then extended to allow for the impact of Central Government assistance through grants-in-aid, and to incorporate allowances for external benefits in the form of reduced road traffic congestion and for income distributional considerations. A cost-benefit rule appropriate for assessing the case for service-level improvements which reduce passenger waiting times is also noted.

scholarly journals Model-based economic evaluation of ice cleat distribution programmes for the prevention of outdoor falls among adults from a Swedish societal perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. injuryprev-2021-044203
Author(s):  
Carl Bonander ◽  
Robin Holmberg ◽  
Johanna Gustavsson ◽  
Mikael Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Decision Analytical Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Older Citizens ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundSlipping on snow or ice poses a significant health risk among older adults in Sweden. To combat this problem, about 80 Swedish municipalities have distributed ice cleats to older citizens (65+ years old) over the last decade. This paper details a cost–benefit analysis of such programmes.Materials and methodsWe developed a decision-analytical model to estimate the costs and benefits of ice cleat programmes in Swedish municipalities compared with a business-as-usual scenario. The modelled benefits of the programme were based on effect estimates from previous research, data from population and healthcare registers and a survey of attitudes to and actual ice cleat use. The modelled costs of the programme were based on resource use data collected from 34 municipalities with existing ice cleat programmes. We assessed heterogeneity in the potential impact and benefit-to-cost ratios across all Swedish municipalities as a function of the average number of days with snow cover per year. Uncertainty in the cost–benefit results was assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ResultsThe average benefit-to-cost ratio was 87, ranging from about 40 in low-risk municipalities to 140 in high-risk municipalities, implying that the potential benefits of ice cleat programmes greatly outweigh their costs. Probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses support the robustness of this conclusion to parameter uncertainty and large changes in assumptions about the magnitude of the impact on ice cleat use and injuries.ConclusionThe benefits of distributing ice cleats to older adults appear to outweigh the costs from a Swedish societal perspective.

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