Perceived Usefulness of Emoticons, Emojis, and Stickers in Text Messaging
In text-based communication, which lacks nonverbal cues, various techniques for expressing communicative intent are now available. Most prominently used are emoticons, emojis, and stickers. Although previous studies have separately examined emoticons and emojis, few have compared their features, and also included comparison with stickers. The authors conducted a survey targeting 300 Japanese young adults to investigate the features of emoticons, emojis, and stickers from the viewpoint of their perceived usefulness. The authors also examined the effects of gender and text-messaging dependency on ratings of the perceived usefulness of these graphical symbols. This study revealed a detailed feature list for each type of symbol. The existence of characteristic roles for each type of symbol is discussed. This study also confirmed the effects of gender and text-messaging dependency on symbol usefulness ratings.