Management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Western Flower Thrips), and the Potential use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: A South African Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Dlamini ◽  
E. Allsopp ◽  
A.P. Malan
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
African Perspective ◽  
Potential Use

Laboratory bioassays of virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-inhabiting stages of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dammini Premachandra ◽  
Christian Borgemeister ◽  
Oliver Berndt ◽  
Ralf-Udo Ehlers ◽  
Hans-Michael Poehling
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Laboratory Trial ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
First Time ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

Abstract The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) was evaluated in a laboratory trial against soil-dwelling stages, late second instar larvae and pupal stages of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. Among the six EPN strains assessed for the first time, Steinernema feltiae (Nemaplus®) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HD01) caused 65 and 59% mortality, respectively. Steinernema carpocapsae (Agriotos) and S. arenarium (Anomali) caused moderate mortality (40-45%) while Steinernema spp. (Morocco) and H. bacteriophora (Nematop®) had little effect. In a dose response study with concentrations of 100, 400 and 800 infective juveniles (IJ) per cm2 soil of H. bacteriophora (HK3), S. feltiae (Nemaplus®) and H. bacteriophora (HD01), mortality increased only up to 400 IJ cm-2. The rate of infectivity of H. bacteriophora (HK3) and S. feltiae (Nemaplus®) indicated that both strains could survive at least 6 days in the soil and infect WFT immature stages.

Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis at different pupation depths

Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lemma Ebssa ◽  
Christian Borgemeister ◽  
Jörg Semrau ◽  
Hans-Michael Poehling
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Heterorhabditis Indica ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Different Depths

Abstract To study the effects of the pupation depth of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis indica strain LN2 and Steinernema bicornutum were applied at dose rates of 100 and 400 infective juveniles (IJ) cm–2to WFT that had pupated at different depths. Additionally, the effects of EPN concentrations and thrips densities were tested on the pupation depth of WFT. A higher concentration of H. indica was required when the thrips pupated deeper. Yet applications of S. bicornutum even at a high concentration resulted in a significantly lower WFT mortality at greater rather than at shallower depths. Generally, WFT control levels of 5-57% were obtained depending on depth of pupation, EPN species, and concentrations. The results clearly indicate that WFT at high EPN concentrations seem to remain at a certain soil depth in order to avoid EPN attraction by moving around. Without or at low EPN concentrations, up to 80% of WFT pupated at the deepest depth of 3-5 cm. However, at higher thrips densities and EPN concentrations, 45-48% of WFT pupated in the medium depth of 1-3 cm. Thus, depth of pupation is an important factor in WFT control using EPN.

scholarly journals Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Dinar S. C. Wahyuni ◽  
Young Hae Choi ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Host Plant Resistance ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponins ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Highly Correlated

Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.

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