scholarly journals Grammatical functions of tone in San Maka

Mandenkan ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 333-348
Author(s):  
Elena Perekhvalskaya
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Functions

Perbandingan Interjeksi dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Mandarin

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Uray Afrina
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Grammatical Functions

AbstrakInterjeksi merupakan kelas kata yang cukup unik dan menarik dalam suatusistem bahasa. Interjeksi dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Mandarin merupakankata yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan perasaan yang ada di dalam diriseseorang, seperti marah, kesal, sedih, gembira, dan lain sebagainya. Jenis kata inidigunakan sesuai dengan intonasi ucapan yang ada, entah itu nada menaik ataupun turun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisisdeskripsi persamaan dan perbedaan antara interjeksi dalam bahasa Indonesiadan bahasa Mandarin dalam lingkup karakteristik fonetik dan sifat poliseminya,warna emosional, fungsi tata bahasa dan kemudian membuat kesimpulan dariperbandingan tersebut. Meneliti persamaan dan perbedaan antara interjeksi dalambahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Mandarin akan membantu kita lebih memahamikarakteristik kedua bahasa tersebut dan juga memudahkan orang Indonesia dalampembelajaran bahasa Mandarin.Kata kunci: perbandingan, interjeksi, bahasa Indonesia, bahasa MandarinAbstractInterjection is a word class that is quite unique and interesting in a language system.Interjections in Indonesian and Mandarin are words used to describe feelings that exist within aperson, such as anger, resentment, sadness, joy, and so on. This type of word is used according to the intonation of the speech, whether it is an ascending or descending tone. The research method used is analyzing the description of similarities and differences between Indonesian and Chinese interjections in the phonetic characteristics, emotional colors, grammatical functions and then making conclusions from these comparisons. Examining the similarities and differences between interjections in Indonesian and Mandarin will help us better understand the characteristics of the two languages and also make it easier for Indonesian peoples to learn Chinese.Keywords: comparison, interjection, Indonesian, Mandarin

Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Larry M. Hyman ◽  
Hannah Sande ◽  
Florian Lionnet ◽  
Nicholas Rolle ◽  
Emily Clem
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Grammatical Functions

This chapter maps out the tonal, accentual, and intonational properties of sub-Saharan African languages, focusing particularly on Niger-Congo. It distinguishes tone systems by the number of contrastive tone heights and contours and their tonal distributions, as well as grammatical functions of tone. It considers positional prominence effects potentially analysed as word accent and concludes with discussion of both intonational pitch and length marking syntactic domains and clause types.

scholarly journals Discourse Marker Sequencing and Grammaticalization

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Koops ◽  
Arne Lohmann
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Grammatical Functions

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This paper deals with the grammatical properties of discourse markers (DMs), specifically their ordering preferences relative to one another. While the data presented here are synchronic, we approach the topic of DM sequencing from the perspective of grammaticalization. From this perspective, DMs can be understood as the result of a process in which elements serving other functions, for example grammatical functions at the level of sentential syntax, come to be conventionally used as markers of discourse-level relations, or what Schiffrin (1987: 31) operationally defined as “sequentially dependent elements which bracket units of talk.” Here we are concerned with the final outcome of this process. We ask: to what degree do fully formed DMs retain or lose the grammatical properties associated with their previous role, specifically their syntactic co-occurrence constraints? In other words, what degree of syntactic decategorialization (in the sense of Hopper 1991) do DMs display?

scholarly journals Grammaticalization in Emirati Arabic

Arabica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 742-760
Author(s):  
Najib Ismail Jarad
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Grammatical Functions

Abstract This paper is concerned with the process of language change whereby lexical items and constructions, in specific contexts, come to serve new grammatical functions. Emirati Arabic provides us with a wide range of grammaticalization phenomena. The aim of this paper is twofold: to shed light on the basic concepts relating to grammaticalization phenomena and to examine the grammaticalization of a number of constructions in Emirati Arabic, investigating their formation and the changes in their functions. The development of these grammatical constructions follows a grammaticalization pathway identified for a wide range of linguistic items cross-linguistically.

Language Change, Variation, and Universals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Culicover
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Plains Cree ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Parameter Theory ◽  
Grammatical Functions ◽  
The Way

This volume is about how human languages get to be the way they are, why they are different from one another in some ways and not others, and why they change in the ways that they do. Given that language is a universal creation of the human mind, the puzzle is why there are different languages at all, why we don’t all speak the same language. And while there is considerable variation, there are ways in which grammars show consistent patterns. The solution to these puzzles, the author proposes, is a constructional one. Grammars consist of constructions that carry out the function of expressing universal conceptual structure. While there are in principle many different ways of accomplishing this task, the constructions that languages actually use are under pressure to reduce complexity. The result is that there is constructional change in the direction of less complexity, and grammatical patterns emerge that reflect conceptual universals. The volume consists of three parts. Part I establishes the theoretical foundations: situating universals in conceptual structure, formally defining constructions, and characterizing constructional complexity. Part II explores variation in argument structure, grammatical functions, and A′ constructions, drawing on data from a variety of languages, including English and Plains Cree. Part III looks at constructional change, focusing primarily on English and German. The study ends with some observations and speculations on parameter theory, analogy, the origins of typological patterns, and Greenbergian ‘universals’.

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