scholarly journals Genome size, chromosome number, and rDNA organisation in Algerian populations of Artemisia herba-alba (Asteraceae), a basic plant for animal feeding facing overgrazing erosion

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 043
Author(s):  
Youcef Bougoutaia ◽  
Sònia Garcia ◽  
Teresa Garnatje ◽  
Meriem Kaid-Harche ◽  
Joan Vallès
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Basic Plant ◽  
Tetraploid Cytotypes ◽  
First Time

Artemisia herba-alba is a largely-distributed and often landscape-dominating taxon in arid areas of the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. In Algeria, in 2010 its communities covered 10% of the steppe territory, but its populations have been subjected to overgrazing. A karyological study based on 22 populations together with a cytogenetic characterisation of this species has been performed for the first time in Algerian materials, through genome size and chromosome number determination. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was also used to assess the rDNA loci number and distribution in the two ploidy levels detected. The studied accessions are diploid (2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes, 6 populations) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 36 chromosomes, 15 populations). One population, occupying a more or less central geographic position among the studied area, presented both cytotypes. Genome size reflects well the two ploidy levels, with no evidence of downsizing with polyploidy. The karyotypes are rather symmetric (2A Stebbins’ class). FISH analyses detected four signals (2 loci) in diploid and eight signals (4 loci) in tetraploid cytotypes for both ribosomal DNA genes, which present an L-type (linked) organisation, i.e. with loci from both rDNA genes colocalised. The presence of two ploidy levels suggest a genomic dynamism and even a possible differentiation underlying the morphological uniformity and despite the dramatic decrease experienced by this plant in Algeria in terms of surface coverage.

scholarly journals Genome Size, Chromosome Number and Morphological Data Reveal Unexpected Infraspecific Variability in Festuca (Poaceae)

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 906
Author(s):  
Gloria Martínez-Sagarra ◽  
Sílvia Castro ◽  
Lucie Mota ◽  
João Loureiro ◽  
Juan A. Devesa
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Chromosome Counting ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
2C Dna Content ◽  
Number Counts ◽  
First Time ◽  
Evolutionary Role

Polyploidy has played an important evolutionary role in the genus Festuca (Poaceae), and several ploidy levels (ranging from 2n = 2x = 14 to 2n = 12x = 84) have been detected to date. This study aimed to estimate the genome size and ploidy level of two subspecies belonging to the F. yvesii polyploid complex by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The phenotypic variation of the cytotypes was also explored, based on herbarium material. The genome size of F. yvesii subsp. lagascae has been estimated for the first time. Nuclear 2C DNA content of F. yvesii subsp. summilusitana ranged from 21.44 to 31.91 pg, while that of F. yvesii subsp. lagascae was from 13.60 to 22.31 pg. We report the highest ploidy level detected for Festuca (2n = 14x = 98) and previously unknown cytotypes. A positive correlation between holoploid genome size and chromosome number counts shown herein was confirmed. The morphometric approach showed a slight trend towards an increase in the size of some organs consistent with the variation in the ploidy level. Differences in characters were usually significant only among the most extreme cytotypes of each subspecies, but, even in this case, the high overlapping ranges prevent their distinction.

scholarly journals Epi-fluorescence Microscopy of Single Molecule DNA Denaturation in situ

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pulkit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Target Dna ◽  
Short Probe ◽  
Fibre Fish ◽  
First Time

AbstractDNA can be denatured by two main methods which are: a) denaturation in solution (invitro) and b) denaturation on a slide surface (in-situ). Additionally, DNA can also be denatured in gels with urea. The method to be used depends on various factors such as the application, the source of the DNA, the length, and the techniques available to confirm the extent of denaturation. Verification of the extent of denaturation is important because of the following factors: 1) increases the chances of hybridization (especially for short probes), 2) prevents the loss of expensive probes (if the target site is not denatured then, the probes will not hybridize and will only cause a high a background), 3) a higher degree of denaturation allows for more probes to be used and therefore, more information can be derived after hybridization, and 4) essential to maximize due to extremely short probe length. It is important to ensure that DNA morphology is preserved after denaturation in order for the probes to hybridise and also for ensuring proper statistical analysis for high throughput applications. In this work, various experimental conditions for in situ denaturation of single molecule DNA is presented.Significance StatementThe significance of this work is that it emphasizes on the importance of denaturation of target genomic DNA in DNA fibre FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridisation) experiments. If the quality of the target DNA is poor after denaturation or the target DNA is not properly denatured, then it will be very difficult or impossible to hybridize the probe DNA during FISH experiments. This will affect the final results for DNA FISH. Additionally, it is the first time that single DNA combed molecules have been shown to be denatured in situ. Most of the past work has been on gels only. Thus the work is both unique and significant.

Origin and evolution of the South American endemic Artemisia species (Asteraceae): evidence from molecular phylogeny, ribosomal DNA and genome size data

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Pellicer ◽  
Teresa Garnatje ◽  
Julián Molero ◽  
Fatima Pustahija ◽  
Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Size ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
Size Data

Genus Artemisia is thought to have reached the Americas across the Bering Strait from Asia during the late Tertiary, but the systematic position of the South American endemic species and the migration routes towards the south have not yet been studied. We used nuclear DNA sequences to unravel the interspecific relationships among the South American Artemisia and their connections with the remaining species of the genus, as well as using fluorescent in situ hybridisation and genome size assessments to characterise this polyploid complex. Most of the species are clustered in a monophyletic clade, nested within the American endemic clade, with the exception of A. magellanica Sch. Bip., which appears segregated from the other American species and constitutes a clade together with A. biennis Willd. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation and genome size data revealed that monoploid genome size remains quite constant across ploidy levels and a proportional increase of ribosomal loci was detected, a dynamic not usually found in this genus. The results are discussed in the light of evolutionary processes which occur in plants, and plausible origins for the South American endemic species are hypothesised.

scholarly journals Rapid Multi-Hybridisation FISH Screening for Balanced Porcine Reciprocal Translocations Suggests a Much Higher Abnormality Rate Than Previously Appreciated

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Rebecca E O’Connor ◽  
Lucas G Kiazim ◽  
Claudia C Rathje ◽  
Rebecca L Jennings ◽  
Darren K Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Semen Analysis ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Chromosome Translocations ◽  
Farrowing Rate ◽  
Significant Economic Loss

With demand rising, pigs are the world’s leading source of meat protein; however significant economic loss and environmental damage can be incurred if boars used for artificial insemination (AI) are hypoprolific (sub-fertile). Growing evidence suggests that semen analysis is an unreliable tool for diagnosing hypoprolificacy, with litter size and farrowing rate being more applicable. Once such data are available, however, any affected boar will have been in service for some time, with significant financial and environmental losses incurred. Reciprocal translocations (RTs) are the leading cause of porcine hypoprolificacy, reportedly present in 0.47% of AI boars. Traditional standard karyotyping, however, relies on animal specific expertise and does not detect more subtle (cryptic) translocations. Previously, we reported development of a multiple hybridisation fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) strategy; here, we report on its use in 1641 AI boars. A total of 15 different RTs were identified in 69 boars, with four further animals XX/XY chimeric. Therefore, 4.5% had a chromosome abnormality (4.2% with an RT), a 0.88% incidence. Revisiting cases with both karyotype and FISH information, we reanalysed captured images, asking whether the translocation was detectable by karyotyping alone. The results suggest that chromosome translocations in boars may be significantly under-reported, thereby highlighting the need for pre-emptive screening by this method before a boar enters a breeding programme.

Monitoring HIV-1 treatment in immune-cell subsets with ultrasensitive fluorescence-in-situ hybridisation

The Lancet ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 353 (9148) ◽  
pp. 211-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K Patterson ◽  
Mary Ann Czerniewski ◽  
John Pottage ◽  
Michelle Agnoli ◽  
Harold Kessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets ◽  
Hiv 1

Assignment of the human slow skeletal muscle troponin gene (TNNI1) to 1q32 by fluorescence in situ hybridisation

1993 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 181-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Eyre ◽  
P.A. Akkari ◽  
C. Meredith ◽  
S.D. Wilton ◽  
D.C. Callen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Slow Skeletal Muscle
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