scholarly journals Women, Sheep, and Textiles: The social significance of ram’s head beads in Early Iron Age Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 110-135
Author(s):  
Adrienne C. Frie
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Community Networks ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
Personal Adornment

Ram’s head beads are well-known items of personal adornment in the Dolenjska Hallstatt cultural group. Recent analysis has demonstrated that they are the most common zoomorphic artefacts in this region with 187 currently known. This article updates the list of known beads and contextualizes their significance in the Dolenjska Hallstatt cultural group. It is argued that the sheep imagery of these beads and their distribution in female graves is related to local textile production. It is proposed that beads signalled aspects of personal and economic identity for Dolenjska Hallstatt women related to the production of high-quality textiles. In addition, the distribution of these beads demonstrates Iron Age community networks on the western frontier of Dolenjska, and perhaps even reflects the movement of women between communities.

III. Villanovan Veii

1961 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Ward-Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The City

The roads and gates described in the previous section are of very varied dates, and many of them were in use over a long period. They have been described first because they constitute the essential framework for any serious topographical study of Veii. Within this framework the city developed, and in this and the following sections will be found described, period by period, the evidence for that development, from the first establishment of Veii in Villanovan times down to its final abandonment in late antiquity.Whatever the precise relationship of the Villanovan to the succeeding phases of the Early Iron Age in central Italy in terms of politics, race or language, it is abundantly clear that it was within the Villanovan period that the main lines of the social and topographical framework of historical Etruria first took shape. Veii is no exception. Apart from sporadic material that may have been dropped by Neolithic or Bronze Age hunters, there is nothing from the Ager Veientanus to suggest that it was the scene of any substantial settlement before the occupation of Veii itself by groups of Early Iron Age farmers, a part of whose material equipment relates them unequivocally to the Villanovan peoples of coastal and central Etruria.

Gender, Temporalities, and Periodization in Early Iron Age West-Central Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Individual Mobility ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archaeological Chronologies

Archaeological chronologies tend to conflate temporalities from all cultural contexts in a region without consideration for the different depositional trajectories and life histories of the objects that serve as the basis of those chronologies. Social variables, such as gender, age, status, and individual mobility, act on artifacts in ways that must be identified and differentiated in order for seriations derived from one context to be applicable in another. This article presents evidence from early Iron Age contexts in Southwest Germany to illustrate this phenomenon and discusses its ramifications from the perspective of a case study focusing on the mortuary landscape of the Heuneburg hillfort on the Danube River. Gender in particular is strongly marked in this society and can be shown to affect the depositional tempo of certain artifact categories, which have different social lives and depositional fates depending on context. Artifact assemblages vary not only in terms of archaeological context and temporality but also are impacted by the social personae of the human agents responsible for, or associated with, their deposition.

scholarly journals DATA FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGIES AND SOME ELEMENTS OF LATE BRONZE AGE AND EARLY IRON AGE CLOTHES IN THE SOUTHERN AREA OF THE BALTIC SEA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К. Слюсарска
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
The Baltic

Для некоторых времен и регионов у археологов не так много возможностей по изучению костюма древних эпох. Костюм – это мощный инструмент общения, регулирования или формирования социальной практики. Кремация как погребальная традиция эпохи поздней бронзы сопряжена с отсутствием прямых источников для реконструкции одежды. Ситуация меняется во время раннего железного века с появлением новой погребальной традиции (лицевых урн) с представлением фигуры человека. Основной целью исследования является сбор опубликованных и рассеянных в литературе данных для реконструкции текстильной продукции и некоторых элементов одежды позднего бронзового и начала железного века из со­временной Польши. For some times and regions, archaeologists have little chance of studying the costumes of past societies. The costume is a powerful tool for communication, regulation or formation of social practices. Cremation as a main funeral tradition of the Late Bronze Age destroyed all direct sources for clothes reconstruction. The situation changed a little during the transition to the Iron Age with the advent of the new funeral tradition (facial urns) and the representation of a human figure. The main purpose of this paper is to collect the published data of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age of the southern Baltic Seabasin for reconstruction of textile production and identification some gender-related elements of costume.

scholarly journals Protection and Purity: Symbolic Functions of the Iron Age Saunas of the Iberian Northwest

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Nadya H. Prociuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Liminal Spaces ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Danger ◽  
Ritual Cleansing

Iron Age saunas, unique to the Castro Culture of northwestern Iberia, have puzzled archaeologists since the nineteenth century. Initially interpreted as kilns, crematoriums, or ovens, their function has since been established as bathing structures; however, the social significance of these saunas has yet to be firmly established. This study provides a new approach to understanding the ways in which Castro communities utilized specialized buildings to serve specific needs related to ritual cleansing and protection. Through an analysis of their placement, structure and decoration, I argue that these buildings functioned to purify and protect people of Castro communities from spiritual and physical danger. Members of Castro society inhabited a world buffeted by the shifting political and economic powers of the Iron Age. The bath structures under study, covered in apotropaic symbols, functioned in liminal spaces to cleanse and prepare Castro people for the dangers that awaited them beyond the walls of their communities and neutralized any potential spiritual contamination they may have acquired upon their return.

Stock Raising and the Origins of the Hill Fort on the South Downs

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThe first part of this paper is a discussion of the basic pattern of land use on the South Downs from the Middle Bronze Age to the early Pre-Roman Iron Age. In the second part, the impact upon this pattern of a group of Bronze and Iron Age stock enclosures is considered, and it is argued that these developed directly into a number of small hill forts. A contemporary group of larger, early Iron Age, hill forts is also defined, and it appears that these too grew up upon an economic basis of stock raising. The social and cultural implications of these developments are discussed, and tentative contrasts are drawn with the nature of later hill forts in the region.

scholarly journals THE SERZHEN-YURT CEMETERY: NEW FINDS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Х. Мамаев ◽  
В.И. Козенкова
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Exceptional Value ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
Imminent Threat

В статье публикуются новые археологические находки из известного могильника Сержень-юрт эпохи бронзы – раннего железного века, относящиеся к восточному варианту кобанской культуры (Е. И. Крупнов, В. И. Козенкова). Материалы добыты в 2014 г. местными специалистами из Отдела охраны памятников Чеченской Республики в результате экстремальных раскопок (эрозионные весенние паводки, сельскохозяйственные работы и т. п.) на территории могильного поля. Материалы X–VIII вв. до н. э. (рис. 1–4) количественно и качественно представляют исключительный интерес (особенно эксклюзивные предметы: бронзовый ажурный браслет (рис. 1: 8) и бронзовый орнаментированный боевой топор (рис. 4: III)) для уточнения общей характеристики памятника. Установлена их типологическая классификация и хронология. В статье подчеркивается необходимость усиления охраны могильника из-за очевидной угрозы разрушения в результате воздействия эрозийного природного и социального факторов. The paper publishes new archaeological finds from the well-known Serzhen’-yurt Cemetery of the Bronze–Early Iron Age attributed to the eastern variant of the Koban culture (E. I. Krupnov, V. I. Kozenkova). These finds were retrieved in 2014 by local specialists from the Department for Protection of Historical Sites in the Chechen Republic in the course of urgent excavations caused by extreme conditions (erosion caused by spring flooding, agricultural activities, etc.) within the area of the burial ground. In terms of their quantity and quality, these materials dated to the 10th–8th centuries BC (fig. 1–4), especially, such exclusive items as a bronze open-work bracelet (fig. 1: 8) and a bronze ornamented battle axe (fig. 4: III), are of exceptional value for clarification of the overall characteristics of the site. Their typological classification and chronology were defined. The paper highlights a need to reinforce protection of the cemetery because of imminent threat of damage due to natural erosion and the social factor.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Social Complexity of Early Iron Age Nomads

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 155-179
Author(s):  
Erez Ben-Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
The Social

Recent evidence from the Aravah Valley challenges the prevailing assumption that Bedouin ethnography and inferences from ancient Near Eastern archives can adequately compensate for the archaeological lacuna in the study of biblical-era nomads. The evidence indicates that nomadic social organization at the turn of the 1st millennium BCE could have been – and in at least one case was – far more complex than ever considered before. This paper discusses the implications of the now extended spectrum of possible interpretations of nomads to the archaeological discourse on early Iron Age state formation processes in the Southern Levant.

The Northern Adriatic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biba Teržan ◽  
Raffaele de Marinis
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
North West ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Rich

This chapter considers Iron Age cultural developments around the head of the Adriatic, from north-west Italy to the western Balkans and Carpathian basin. The chronological focus is from the end of the Bronze Age to the mid-first millennium BC; after 400 BC, much of this zone first became part of the La Tène sphere and was then drawn progressively into the Roman orbit, although the Alps and Trandanubia were not incorporated until the change of era. A regional approach is taken. The different cultural groupings are reviewed in turn, drawing especially on the abundant burial data and settlement evidence. Other topics include language and the early spread of writing, the social significance of the Camonica valley rock art, Greek and Etruscan influence on indigenous peoples, situla art, and new work on the rich tumulus cemeteries belonging to the eastern Hallstatt sphere.

scholarly journals Spearheads from Burials of Savromato-Sarmatian Time from the Territory of Volgograd Region (Materials for Catalogue)

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
Vladimir Moiseev ◽  
Igor Budaev
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The Social ◽  
Further Development

Introduction. Information about the armament and military arts of nomads of the Early Iron age can be obtained from writings of Greek and Roman authors, who note the warlike temper of Savromatian and Sarmatian tribes. They mention bows, swords and spears among the armament of nomads in their works. This information is confirmed by the archaeological material. Finds of spearheads in burials are quite rare and are ranked third after arrows and swords in percentage. Methods. The typological features of spearheads are based on the shape of their pen, which allows distinguishing two types of spears – leaf-shaped and lence-shaped. Analysis. This article is the beginning of the catalog of spearheads, darts and spear counter-weights found in the Lower Volga Region in Savromatian and Sarmatian monuments. At this moment, the authors have taken into account a sample of 29 spearheads, 3 darts and 3 spear counter-weights and made their typological analysis. Results. The typological analysis, which forms the basis of our classification of spearheads, allows tracing the development of this type of armament in Volgograd region. The further development of this topic will help to find typological interrelationships of spearheads, to clarify their chronological positions and features of mutual occurrence in burials with other types of armament and equipment. In turn, this analysis will help to determine the social status of the buried persons and their role in ethnopolitical processes.

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