scholarly journals A model of weighted network formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Leonie Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Utility Level ◽  
Weighted Network ◽  
Two Agents ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Network Investment

This paper proposes a game of weighted network formation in which each agent has a limited resource to form links of possibly different intensities with other agents and to use for private purposes. We show that every equilibrium is either “reciprocal” or “nonreciprocal.” In a reciprocal equilibrium, any two agents invest equally in the link between them. In a nonreciprocal equilibrium, agents are partitioned into “concentrated” and “diversified” agents, and a concentrated agent is only linked to diversified agents and vice versa. For every link, the concentrated agent invests more in the link than the diversified agent. The unweighted relationship graph of an equilibrium, in which two agents are linked if they both invest positively in each other, uniquely predicts the equilibrium values of each agent's network investment and utility level, as well as the ratio of any two agents' investments in each other. We show that equilibria are not pairwise stable and are not efficient due to the positive externalities of investing in a link.

scholarly journals Network Education Capital as a Specific Digital Economy Asset

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 01023
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Yegina ◽  
Elena S. Zemskova ◽  
Natalia Sh. Vatolkina
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Network Education ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
New Information ◽  
Psychology Pedagogy

In the context of the global digital transformation, the most important factors determining socio-economic progress are the specific properties of human capital that are inherent only in the digital economy. In the new conditions, the role of integratively distributed network interaction of participants of global, national, corporate and social networks in the training of highly qualified specialists with new information and network skills and competencies is growing, a new form of human capital is emerging - network education capital (network education capital). On the basis of an interdisciplinary approach (economics, sociology, psychology, pedagogy, etc.), positive externalities are described that arise as a result of the inclusion of education in network communication processes. One of the main specific features of modern education is the departure from its linearity and verticality. It is shown that the network formation capital acquires the properties of a specific asset that brings a quasi-rent, and acts as a social elevator only if the involvement of more entities in the network increases

Social Clubs and Social Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-251
Author(s):  
Chaim Fershtman ◽  
Dotan Persitz
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Formation Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Weighted Network ◽  
Social Clubs ◽  
Model Based

We present a strategic network formation model based on membership in clubs. Individuals choose affiliations. The set of all memberships induces a weighted network where two individuals are directly connected if they share a club. Two individuals may also be indirectly connected using multiple memberships of third parties. Individuals gain from their position in the induced network and pay membership fees. We study the club congestion model where the weight of a link decreases with the size of the smallest shared club. A trade-off emerges between the size of clubs, the depreciation of indirect connections, and the membership fee. (JEL D71, D85, Z13)

Platelet Microtubules in Clot Structure Formation and Contractile Force Generation: Investigation of a Controversy

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (01) ◽  
pp. 023-027 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Jen ◽  
L V McIntire
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Contractile Force ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Clot Retraction ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Fibrin Network ◽  
Two Parameters

SummaryWhether platelet microtubules are involved in clot retraction/ contraction has been controversial. To address this question we have simultaneously measured two clotting parameters, clot structural rigidity and isometric contractile force, using a rheological technique. For recalcified PRP clots these two parameters began rising together at about 15 min after CaCl2 addition. In the concentration range affecting microtubule organization in platelets, colchicine, vinca alkaloids and taxol demonstrated insignificant effects on both clotting parameters of a recalcified PRP clot. For PRP clots induced by adding small amounts of exogenous thrombin, the kinetic curves of clot rigidity were biphasic and without a lag time. The first phase corresponded to a platelet-independent network forming process, while the second phase corresponded to a platelet-dependent process. These PRP clots began generating contractile force at the onset of the second phase. For both rigidity and force parameters, only the second phase of clotting kinetics was retarded by microtubule affecting reagents. When PRP samples were clotted by adding a mixture of CaCl2 and thrombin, the second phase clotting was accelerated and became superimposed on the first phase. The inhibitory effects of micro tubule affecting reagents became less pronounced. Thrombin clotting of a two-component system (washed platelets/ purified fibrinogen) was also biphasic, with the second phase being microtubule-dependent. In conclusion, platelet microtubules are important in PRP clotted with low concentrations of thrombin, during which fibrin network formation precedes platelet-fibrin interactions. On the other hand they are unimportant if a PRP clot is induced by recalcification, during which the fibrin network is constructed in the presence of platelet-fibrin interactions. The latter is likely to be more analogous to physiological processes in vivo.

Transformation of education as a metatrend of the digital economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1960-1979
Author(s):  
N.A. Egina ◽  
E.S. Zemskova
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Network Education ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Education Network ◽  
The Impact

Subject. The study focuses on the impact of the digital economy determinants of the education transformation. Objectives. The article provides our own approach treating the education capital as a specific asset of the digital economy, which has an acceleration effect and sets up new trends in education through integrative networks. Methods. The study is based on principles of the systems integration, cross-disciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. Results. The socio-economic progress was found to be determined with properties of human capital, which are solely specific to the digital economy. In new circumstances, it gets more important for actors of global, national, corporate and social networks to more actively cooperate within distributed networks in order to train high professionals, who would have skills in information networks. Thus, they would raise a new form of human capital – the capital of network education (network-based education capital). We describe positive externalities that arise when the educational sector joins communication processes. We illustrate how educational forms evolves, which are typical of a certain phase of the socio-economic development. The education capital was discovered to grow into a specific asset generating the quasi-rent and working as a social ladder only provided more actors are involved into the network. Conclusions and Relevance. Studying the evolution of educational forms through the cross-disciplinary method, we discovered the need for a system approach, which would help substantiate its transformation in the time of the digital economy, and the emergence of network-based education. These are technologies and tools of the digital economy that become unique factors generating the acceleration effect of the educational capital and ensuring the use of diverse network effects for the formation of intellectual capital and their social transformation.

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