scholarly journals A notion of prominence for games with natural‐language labels

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Sontuoso ◽  
Sudeep Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
Google Books ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds

We study games with natural‐language labels (i.e., strategic problems where options are denoted by words), for which we propose and test a measurable characterization of prominence. We assume that—ceteris paribus—players find particularly prominent those strategies that are denoted by words more frequently used in their everyday language. To operationalize this assumption, we suggest that the prominence of a strategy‐label is correlated with its frequency of occurrence in large text corpora, such as the Google Books corpus (“n‐gram” frequency). In testing for the strategic use of word frequency, we consider experimental games with different incentive structures (such as incentives to and not to coordinate), as well as subjects from different cultural/linguistic backgrounds. Our data show that frequently‐mentioned labels are more (less) likely to be selected when there are incentives to match (mismatch) others. Furthermore, varying one's knowledge of the others' country of residence significantly affects one's reliance on word frequency. Overall, the data show that individuals play strategies that fulfill our characterization of prominence in a (boundedly) rational manner.

A new computing method for extracting contiguous phraseological sequences from academic text corpora

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naixing Wei ◽  
Jingjie Li
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Academic English ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Computing Method ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

This study aims to develop a new computing method for extracting contiguous phraseological sequences (PSs) of various lengths from academic text corpora by measuring internal associations of n-grams. We construct a new normalizing algorithm of probability-weighted average for refining the MI measure and enhancing precision in extracting PSs from corpora. This computing method is applied to the data in a medium-sized text corpus of academic English. Results indicate that the resultant new MI measure can provide statistics which better reveal internal associations within an n-gram, regardless of size. Lexico-grammatical sequences extracted with this method are more complete and less arbitrary in terms of grammar and semantics. The method can be applied to treating a variety of linguistic phenomenon, ranging from well-established phrases to likely phrasal entities, thus having potentially practical applications in corpus-based studies of phraseology and natural language processing.

scholarly journals Does higher education properly prepare graduates for the growing artificial intelligence market? Gaps identification using text mining

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lamiae Benhayoun ◽  
Daniel Lang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Text Mining ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Academic Training ◽  
Market Requirements ◽  
Job Advertisements ◽  
The Individual

BACKGROUND: The renewed advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is inducing profound changes in the classic categories of technology professions and is creating the need for new specific skills. OBJECTIVE: Identify the gaps in terms of skills between academic training on AI in French engineering and Business Schools, and the requirements of the labour market. METHOD: Extraction of AI training contents from the schools’ websites and scraping of a job advertisements’ website. Then, analysis based on a text mining approach with a Python code for Natural Language Processing. RESULTS: Categorization of occupations related to AI. Characterization of three classes of skills for the AI market: Technical, Soft and Interdisciplinary. Skills’ gaps concern some professional certifications and the mastery of specific tools, research abilities, and awareness of ethical and regulatory dimensions of AI. CONCLUSIONS: A deep analysis using algorithms for Natural Language Processing. Results that provide a better understanding of the AI capability components at the individual and the organizational levels. A study that can help shape educational programs to respond to the AI market requirements.

THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LINGUISTIC THEORY: البنية المنطقية للنظرية اللسانية: ستيفن ر. أندرسون، جامعة ييل

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 112-90
Author(s):  
Ranya Ahmed Rashid Shaheen, Abdelrahman Mudawi Abdelrahim Al Ranya Ahmed Rashid Shaheen, Abdelrahman Mudawi Abdelrahim Al
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Baldwin Effect ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Baldwin Effect ◽  
Communicative Abilities

The object of inquiry in Linguistics is the human ability to acquire and use a natural language, and the goal of linguistic theory is an explicit characterization of that ability. Looking at the communicative abilities of other species, it becomes clear that our linguistic ability is specific to our species, undoubtedly a product of our biology. But how do we go about determining the specifics of this Language faculty? _here are two primary ways in which we infer the nature of Language from the properties of individual languages: arguments from the Poverty of the Stimulus, and the search for universals that characterize every natural language. Arguments of the first sort are not easy to construct (though not as difficult as sometimes suggested), and apply only to a tiny part of Language as a whole. Arguments from universals or typological generalizations are also quite problematic. In phonology, morphology, and syntax, factors of historical development, functional underpinnings, limitations of the learning situation, among others conspire to compromise the explanatory value of arguments from observed cross-linguistic regularities. Confounding the situation is the likelihood that properties found across languages as a consequence of such external forces have been incorporated into the Language faculty evolutionarily through the ‘Baldwin Effect.’ _e conflict between the biologically based specificity of the human Language faculty and the difficulty of establishing most of its properties in a secure way cannot, however, be avoided by ignoring or denying the reality of either of its poles.

scholarly journals Natural Language and Its Ontology

2019 ◽  
pp. 206-232
Author(s):  
Friederike Moltmann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Great Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Ontological Categories

Natural language, it appears, reflects in part our conception of the world. Natural language displays a great range of types of referential noun phrases that seem to stand for objects of various ontological categories and types, and it also involves constructions, categories, and expressions that appear to convey ontological or notions. Natural language reflects its own ontology, an ontology that may differ from the ontology a philosopher may be willing to accept or even a nonphilosopher when thinking about what there is, and of course it may differ from the ontology of what there really is. This chapter gives a characterization of the ontology implicit in natural language and the entities it involves, situates natural language ontology within metaphysics, discusses what sorts of data may be considered reflective of the ontology of natural language, and addresses Chomsky’s dismissal of externalist semantics.

The Scope of the Conceptual

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Laurence ◽  
Eric Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Donald Davidson ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Michael Dummett ◽  
Contemporary Philosopher ◽  
Conceptual Thought ◽  
The Moment

This article explains different views on concepts, which are among the most fundamental constructs in cognitive science. Michael Dummett argues that nonhuman animals are not capable of full-fledged conceptual thought but only a diminished form of thought, which he calls, proto-thought. Human beings can remove themselves from the moment and can rise above the confined world of current perceptions because of their linguistic abilities. Donald Davidson, a contemporary philosopher, denies that animals are capable of conceptual thought and claim that conceptual content requires a rich inferential network. Donald Davidson made an argument against animals having conceptual thought. Davidson's original formulation of the argument begins with the claim that having a belief requires having the concept of a belief but adds that having the concept of belief requires possession of a natural language. It follows, then, that to have a belief requires facility with natural language. The characterization of the conceptual/nonconceptual distinction that is implicit in Davidson's metacognitive argument is a complex one involving a capacity for belief about beliefs, a concept of belief, and concepts of truth and falsity. Both Robert Brandom and John McDowell argued that conceptual thought requires more than a capacity for detection. They claim that conceptual thought requires the ability to appreciate the reasons that would justify a given concept's application and use, and this, in turn, is inherently a social practice that is dependent on natural language

scholarly journals Natural language corpus semantics: the Free Choice controversy

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Johan Sæbø
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Methodological Issue ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Language Corpus

This paper addresses the methodological issue of what data can safely be disregarded in the quest for a good analysis of a given semantic phenomenon. I argue that as there is no objective measure for this, making the temptation to adjust the terrain to the map hard to resist, it is strongly advisable to make use of text corpora in formal semantic research. I illustrate this argument by considering in some detail the recent history of research on Free Choice items.

A weighted average n-gram model of natural language

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. O'Boyle ◽  
M. Owens ◽  
F.J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
N Gram

Was ist das Spielerische am Sprachspiel?

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Julius Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Human Language Faculty

AbstractDid Wittgenstein in coining the term ‘Sprachspiel’ mean to convey the connotation of an open playfulness, as the German terms ‘Spiel’ and ‘spielerisch’ suggest? The paper tries to show that although this was not his original motive for choosing the term, the characterization of natural language offered in the Philosophical Investigations includes and indeed highlights its open, not rule-governed (and in this sense playful) sides. In this respect language is unlike a calculus and unlike a game like chess.Wittgenstein compares language to both, but, so the paper argues, he does so in order to make visible what is special in language and is different from a calculus as well as a strictly regulated game like chess.When he applies the word ‘calculus’ in an affirmative sense for describing a feature of what he describes as language games, the context is the principle of compositionality, interpreted, however, in such a way that the difference between the workings of a calculus and the workings of language is preserved.The paper comes to the conclusion that, in using a natural language, speakers have some freedom to decide whether they cling to or depart from conventional usage. This freedom is a central ingredient of the human language faculty.

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