Generalized Utilitarianism and Harsanyi's Impartial Observer Theorem

The article discusses the practice of the relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie, which formed during the investigation of political crimes in the Russian Empire after the judicial reform of 1864. It is indicated that the law of May 19, 1871 changed the legal relationships between the gendarmerie and the Prosecutor’s office. The gendarmerie was given the right to conduct an inquiry, and the prosecutor’s office was entrusted with the supervision of this activity. Central agencies targeted the prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie to coordinate their activities in the investigation of political crimes, which resulted in their gradual rapprochement. In practice, the Prosecutor’s office began to take an active part in the conduct of inquiries on the state crimes. As a result, it gradually lost its original meaning “guardian of the law and an impartial observer for the correctness of the actions of a person who conducted the inquiry”. The actual relationships between the Prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie was not unambiguous. They largely depended on specific individuals and could be diametrically opposed. Along with the relations of “mutual understanding” there were also facts of direct conflicts between the prosecutor’s office and the gendarmerie. Despite such different relationship, in society, the existing level of political repression “was attributed to the joint and solidary activities of zealous gendarmes with zealous prosecutors”. The career of prosecutors depended largely on the relationship with the gendarmerie. Later, during the inquiry, many prosecutors began to lose their impartiality and gradually turned into agents of gendarmerie goals. According to the figurative expression of the former Chairman of the Council of Ministers S. Witte, the Minister of justice himself “from the Supreme guardian of legality became an assistant to the chief of gendarmes and the chief of secret police”.

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Latin Inquiry

Greece and Rome ◽

10.1017/s0017383500021100 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 9 (S1) ◽

pp. 42-47

Author(s):

T. W. Melluish

Keyword(s):

Good Life ◽

Good Deal ◽

The Good Life ◽

The Future ◽

Impartial Observer ◽

Self Examination ◽

Uniform Change

Latin is a wedding-garment no longer de rigueur for those entering Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Utility English jeans will in future be permissible wear. Whether this will herald a uniform change throughout the schools of the country it is early yet to say. The Crowther Committee was sure that Latin was taught in many cases merely as an insurance against possible debarment from the older universities. Whatever the truth of that, Latin will stand or continue to stand in the future by its own merits. Like Justice in the early part of the Republic, stripped of its adventitious rewards it may now lend itself to an impartial reappraisal. This seems to be the occasion for another stocktaking. Hard as it is to love gadflies, we perhaps should be grateful to those who stung us into these agonies of self-examination, so essential a condition of the good life. Stirrings indeed there have been. An impartial observer might comment that if Latin is a dead language, like Virgil's ox it appears to be the centre of a good deal of activity.

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Collaborative Ph.D. Examination

Information Technology Education in the New Millennium ◽

10.4018/978-1-931777-05-6.ch017 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 136-145

Author(s):

Mike Metcalfe ◽

Samantha Grant

Keyword(s):

Learning Experience ◽

Group Learning ◽

Oral Examination ◽

Management Learning ◽

Individualistic Learning ◽

Impartial Observer

In many universities, there is either no requirement for an oral examination or for examiners to guide Ph.D. candidates prior to submission of their thesis. This policy is usually the result of the “tyranny of distance” and/or the positivism philosophy of “impartial observer.” This chapter argues for the Interpretivist approach of enriching the learning experience of examiner, candidate, supervisor and university by requiring the advantages of complex sustained interaction. Extensive evidence has shown that group learning is far more productive than individualistic learning. While individual universities need to make the resources argument for a more collaborative Ph.D. process, this chapter presents the management learning literature. It provides this literature in support of the argument that examiners need to be inter-actively involved with supervisors and examiners, especially in IS which changes rapidly and is experiencing a move from positive to interpretive methodologies.

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An informationally parsimonious impartial observer theorem

Social Choice and Welfare ◽

10.1007/s003550050108 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 321-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Edi Karni ◽

John A. Weymark

Keyword(s):

Impartial Observer

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Biotechnology – opportunities for Europe

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x00040337 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 135-139

Author(s):

C. Warkup

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Food Production ◽

New Technologies ◽

Human Medicine ◽

Early Years ◽

The Other ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

The World ◽

Impartial Observer ◽

The Many

The title of this paper, as proposed by the meeting organisers, implies that Europe is different when it comes to biotechnology. In the early years of the 21st Century, even an impartial observer would agree that Europe differs from most of the rest of the world in its attitudes to at least one biotechnology – Genetically Modified (GM) crops. On the other hand, parts of Europe are seen as relatively enthusiastic about applications of biotechnology in human medicine. Take for instance, the UK's stance on research with human stem cells. Do these differences reflect permanent differences or merely a more cautious approach in Europe to the adoption of biotechnology in food production? Does this matter to pig producers?This paper seeks to give a broad and shallow overview of the opportunities for developments in biotechnology to impact on pig production. It will consider which of the many potential new technologies, if they were available now, might be acceptable in Europe and what might be the consequences of failure to access technologies that others exploit.

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Ethnologists and Indians in a Brazilian Scenario

Anthropological Journal of European Cultures ◽

10.3167/ayec.2007.160105 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 56-76

Author(s):

Alcida Rita Ramos

Keyword(s):

Indigenous Studies ◽

Personal View ◽

Impartial Observer ◽

The 1960S

What follows is the personal view of someone who has been conducting indigenous studies since the 1960s, and has, therefore, her own understanding of the field. My reading of ethnological production in Brazil will probably differ from that of my Brazilian colleagues, and will certainly be different from that of foreign ethnologists. However, being totally immersed in the ethnological community of the country, I could never pretend to pose as an impartial observer.

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