scholarly journals Time Lotteries and Stochastic Impatience

Econometrica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick DeJarnette ◽  
David Dillenberger ◽  
Daniel Gottlieb ◽  
Pietro Ortoleva
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Nonexpected Utility ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Discounted Utility ◽  
Simple Generalization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Over Time

We study preferences over lotteries in which both the prize and the payment date are uncertain. In particular, a time lottery is one in which the prize is fixed but the date is random. With Expected Discounted Utility, individuals must be risk seeking over time lotteries (RSTL). In an incentivized experiment, however, we find that almost all subjects violate this property. Our main contributions are theoretical. We first show that within a very broad class of models, which includes many forms of nonexpected utility and time discounting, it is impossible to accommodate even a single violation of RSTL without also violating a property we termed Stochastic Impatience, a risky counterpart of standard Impatience. We then present two positive results. If one wishes to maintain Stochastic Impatience, violations of RSTL can be accommodated by keeping Independence within periods while relaxing it across periods. If, instead, one is willing to forego Stochastic Impatience, violations of RSTL can be accommodated with a simple generalization of Expected Discounted Utility, obtained by imposing only the behavioral postulates of Discounted Utility and Expected Utility.

Globalization and interconfessional communications

2001 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Serhii Viktorovych Svystunov
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Rapid Appearance

In the 21st century, the world became a sign of globalization: global conflicts, global disasters, global economy, global Internet, etc. The Polish researcher Casimir Zhigulsky defines globalization as a kind of process, that is, the target set of characteristic changes that develop over time and occur in the modern world. These changes in general are reduced to mutual rapprochement, reduction of distances, the rapid appearance of a large number of different connections, contacts, exchanges, and to increase the dependence of society in almost all spheres of his life from what is happening in other, often very remote regions of the world.

scholarly journals Pyrite (FeS2)-supported ultrafiltration system for removal of mercury (II) from water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Suk Han ◽  
Kawsher M. D. Solayman ◽  
Ho Kyong Shon ◽  
Ahmed Abdel-Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Pyrite Surface ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Cake Layer ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis study investigated the Hg(II) removal efficiencies of the reactive adsorbent membrane (RAM) hybrid filtration process, a removal process that produces stable final residuals. The reaction mechanism between Hg(II) and pyrite and the rejection of the solids over time were characterized with respect to flux decline, pH change, and Hg and Fe concentration in permeate water. Effects of the presence of anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3−) or humic acid (HA) on the rejection of the Hg(II)-contacted pyrite were studied. The presence of both HA and Hg(II) increased the rate of flux decline due to the formation of irreversible gel-like compact cake layers as shown in the experimental data and modeling related to the flux decline and the SEM images. Stability experiments of the final residuals retained on the membrane using a thiosulfate solution (Na2S2O3) show that the Hg(II)-laden solids were very stable due to little or no detection of Hg(II) in the permeate water. Experiment on the possibility of continuously removing Hg(II) by reusing the Hg/pyrite-laden membrane shows that almost all Hg(II) was adsorbed onto the pyrite surface regardless of the presence of salts or HA, and the Hg(II)-contacted pyrite residuals were completely rejected by the DE/UF system. Therefore, a membrane filter containing pyrite-Hg(II) could provide another reactive cake layer capable of further removal of Hg(II) without post-chemical treatment for reuse.

Health, Longevity, and Welfare Inequality of Older Americans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Ray Miller ◽  
Neha Bairoliya
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Welfare Inequality ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We estimate the distribution of well-being among the older U.S. population using an expected utility framework that incorporates differences in consumption, leisure, health, and mortality. We find large disparities in welfare that have increased over time. Incorporating the cost of living with poor health into elderly welfare substantially increases the overall inequality. Disparity measures based on cross-sectional income or consumption underestimate the growth in aggregate welfare inequality. Moreover, health is a better indicator of an individual's relative welfare position than income or consumption.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Estimation of a Positive Case of COVID-19: A Comparative Study between Two Phases of the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Yamaoka ◽  
Hiroko Oe
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Actual Number ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Over Time

In Japan, the policy for polymerase chain reaction (hereafter PCR) testing changed significantly after 7 May 2020; from 4 February to 6 May, PCR testing was limited to certain patients with severe symptoms. After 7 May, the PCR test was made available to a broader range of patients due to health insurance coverage. The study aims to test whether there is a significant relationship between the conditions under which PCR tests are performed, the number of tests after 7 May, and the positive results. Using a multiple regression model, we obtained the unexpected result even if we assume that PCR testing had been carried out during 4 February to 6 May at the same level as after 7 May. The number of positive cases would have been even lower than the actual number, which we have attained. This suggests that even if PCR testing had been plentiful throughout the entire period, the number of positives that would have been captured would not necessarily have been more significant than the actual number. This estimation might suggest that the infectivity of COVID-19 varied over time. It may suggest that, over time, the infectiousness and spreading power of COVID may be transformed. Therefore, further research investigating the epidemic impact of COVID is required, which is critical for humankind.

scholarly journals The Scenario of a Pandemic Spread of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is Based on a Statistical Fallacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Kuhbandner
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

In view of the rapidly increasing numbers of reported new coronavirus infections, many speak of an upcoming pandemic. However, since the number of conducted coronavirus tests has rapidly increased over time as well, the apparent increase in infections may actually reflect increased testing, rather than a rapid spread of the coronavirus. To examine this issue, data from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and USA were analyzed. In all countries, the rapid increase in reported new infections was largely attributable to the rapid increase in conducted tests. Statistically controlling for the increased amount of testing revealed that the increases in reported infections dramatically overestimate the true increases in every country. According to the estimated true courses of new infections, the increases were initially much smaller, and the courses of new infections have already flattened or are even decreasing since the beginning of calendar week 13 (March 23) in almost all countries. The courses of reported new infections and deaths started to increase almost simultaneously in every country, which further confirms that the increases in reported new infections reflect effects of increased testing. These results indicate that the scenario of a coronavirus pandemic is based on a statistical fallacy.<br>

Rejection, Motivation and Athletic Performance: Is There a Traded Player Syndrome?

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-834
Author(s):  
Richard E. Kopelman ◽  
James J. Pantaleno
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Professional Athlete ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
First Time ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Over Time

It is widely held that the professional athlete who is traded tends to perform better against the trading team than against other teams. Two psychological explanations for this hypothesis were advanced (a separation-hostility mechanism and an esteem loss-counteraction mechanism). Data were examined for 47 (30) professional baseball players over a 2-yr. (3-yr.) period. Support for the hypothesis was weak across the entire sample; however, some support appeared among players who (a) were traded for the first time, (b) had long tenure with the trading team, (c) were young, and (d) had high ability. Somewhat stronger positive results were found for individuals who met two or more of the conditions favorable to the hypothesis. As predicted, results attenuated over time.

Natural History Wet Collections: Observations on PH Readings from the Use of Different Ethanol and Label Types

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Ximo Mengual ◽  
France Gimnich ◽  
Hannah Petersen ◽  
Jonas J. Astrin
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Fluid Preservation ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We examined the effects of different types of specimen labels and tags on pH of different concentrations of ethanol typically used for fluid preservation in natural history collections. Labels were immersed in three different concentrations of ethanol, 96% pure undenatured ethanol (EtOH), 96% EtOH denatured with methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK), and 99.8% pure undenatured EtOH, with or without the presence of insect specimens, and the solutions were evaluated after 26 months for changes over time in pH reading. In general, pH readings of all label trials with 96% and 99.8% ethanol increased over time, except for trials of denatured alcohol, which demonstrated lower pH readings in almost all treatments, regardless of label type. Samples that contained labels with ordinary, nonstandardized, not explicitly acid-free printing paper had higher pH readings compared after the trial. Our observations are a good starting point for further experiments to answer research questions related to chemical interactions with labels in ethanol-preserved specimens, including tissue samples for molecular analyses, which can guide collection staff in their daily work.

“We Begin 300 Metres Behind the Starting Line”

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hosseini-Nezhad ◽  
Saba Safdar ◽  
Lan Anh Nguyen Luu
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychosocial Adaptation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
One Year ◽  
Iranian Students ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Longitudinal Qualitative Research ◽  
Over Time

This longitudinal qualitative research aimed to investigate the psychosocial adaptation trajectory of Iranian international students in Hungary and the challenges they encountered. Semi-structured interviews were conducted at seven-month to one-year intervals with 20 Iranian students; inductive content analysis was utilized to analyze the interview transcripts. Three topics were identified: (1) visa and banking challenges, (2) the impact of the currency crisis in Iran on mental health, and (3) positive and negative changes in psychological well-being over time. The results revealed that almost all students’ well-being improved over time, despite facing challenges related to visas, banking, and Iran’s recent economic crisis (specifically, the drastic plunge of the Iranian currency).

Digital Transformation of E-Commerce Services and Cybersecurity for Modernizing the Banking Sector of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 373-403
Author(s):  
Tansif Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time

The practice of protecting computers, websites, mobile devices, electronic services, networks, and digital data from malicious attacks is known as cybersecurity. Since political, military, private, financial, and medical institutions collect, process, and maintain massive volumes of data on computers and other devices, cybersecurity is critical. Sensitive data, such as intellectual property, financial data, personal records, or other forms of data, can make up a large amount of the data. Improper access or disclosure to that data can have profound implications. Technology has undoubtedly made a significant change in every aspect of life in Pakistan, whether it is a financial or non-financial sphere. Technology's usage is thoroughly utilized by banks worldwide. They have started adopting it frequently because of the immense need to achieve goals and satisfy customer needs more efficiently. Almost all leading banks have now provided e-commerce facilities. Over time, more and more services and facilities are offered to bank customers conveniently via e-commerce products.

Idolatry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Fowl
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Activities Of Daily Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Invisible

The use of material images of various gods (idols) in religious worship has a long history and a central place in the polytheistic religions of the ancient world. The worship of these gods is strictly prohibited in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. This practice is generally referred to as idolatry. In addition, the making of images of the one God along with the use of such images in worship is also considered idolatry within these three monotheistic faiths. In the ancient societies within which Judaism, Christianity and, later, Islam emerged, almost all aspects of life were touched by the presence of idols. For a Jew (particularly in the diaspora) or a Christian to faithfully negotiate one’s way through the activities of daily life in such a world required sustained attentiveness and resolve. Over time, idolatry became more generally and metaphorically associated with ideas, motivations, beliefs and commitments that draw believers’ attention away from God. In some instances in Christianity, idolatry simply becomes a synonym for sin. Although it is not common today for Jews, Christians or Muslims to worship fabricated images of their own or other gods, some of the ongoing philosophical and theological issues concern how God’s creation can manifest the invisible God. In what ways, if any, can the created world mediate God truthfully to humans? Can such things as icons be instrumental in the worship of the one God without that worship being idolatrous? In recent French phenomenological writing, some of these issues receive attention. Although these concerns may seem distant from those of the Bible and Quran, they share a common recognition that idolatry stems from a failure of attentiveness, an inability or unwillingness to focus one’s attention and desire upon God in the face of myriad distractions.

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