scholarly journals The Transcription Factor Network Associated With the Amino Acid Response in Mammalian Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Kilberg ◽  
Mukundh Balasubramanian ◽  
Lingchen Fu ◽  
Jixiu Shan
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Transcription Factor Network ◽  
Amino Acid Response

scholarly journals Elevated cJUN expression and an ATF/CRE site within the ATF3 promoter contribute to activation of ATF3 transcription by the amino acid response

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingchen Fu ◽  
Michael S. Kilberg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Amino Acid Response

Mammalian cells respond to amino acid deprivation through multiple signaling pathways referred to as the amino acid response (AAR). Transcription factors mediate the AAR after their activation by several mechanisms; examples include translational control (activating transcription factor 4, ATF4), phosphorylation (p-cJUN), and transcriptional control (ATF3). ATF4 induces ATF3 transcription through a promoter-localized C/EBP-ATF response element (CARE). The present report characterizes an ATF/CRE site upstream of the CARE that also contributes to AAR-induced ATF3 transcription. ATF4 binds to the ATF/CRE and CARE sequences and both are required for a maximal response to ATF4 induction. ATF3, which antagonizes ATF4 and represses its own gene, also exhibited binding activity to the ATF/CRE and CARE sequences. The AAR resulted in elevated total cJUN and p-cJUN protein levels and both forms exhibited binding activity to the ATF/CRE and CARE ATF3 sequences. Knockdown of AAR-enhanced cJUN expression blocked induction of the ATF3 gene and mutation of either the ATF/CRE or the CARE site prevented the cJUN-dependent increase in ATF3-driven luciferase activity. The results indicate that both increased cJUN and the cis-acting ATF/CRE sequence within the ATF3 promoter contribute to the transcriptional activation of the gene during the AAR.

scholarly journals Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibition activates a pathway that branches from the canonical amino acid response in mammalian cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (16) ◽  
pp. 8900-8911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeonjin Kim ◽  
Mark S. Sundrud ◽  
Changqian Zhou ◽  
Maja Edenius ◽  
Davide Zocco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Aminoacyl Trna Synthetase ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Fibroblast Like Synoviocytes ◽  
Amino Acid Response

Signaling pathways that sense amino acid abundance are integral to tissue homeostasis and cellular defense. Our laboratory has previously shown that halofuginone (HF) inhibits the prolyl-tRNA synthetase catalytic activity of glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS), thereby activating the amino acid response (AAR). We now show that HF treatment selectively inhibits inflammatory responses in diverse cell types and that these therapeutic benefits occur in cells that lack GCN2, the signature effector of the AAR. Depletion of arginine, histidine, or lysine from cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes recapitulates key aspects of HF treatment, without utilizing GCN2 or mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway signaling. Like HF, the threonyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor borrelidin suppresses the induction of tissue remodeling and inflammatory mediators in cytokine-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes without GCN2, but both aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) inhibitors are sensitive to the removal of GCN1. GCN1, an upstream component of the AAR pathway, binds to ribosomes and is required for GCN2 activation. These observations indicate that aaRS inhibitors, like HF, can modulate inflammatory response without the AAR/GCN2 signaling cassette, and that GCN1 has a role that is distinct from its activation of GCN2. We propose that GCN1 participates in a previously unrecognized amino acid sensor pathway that branches from the canonical AAR.

scholarly journals Characterization of the amino acid response element within the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) System A transporter gene

2006 ◽  
Vol 395 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stela S. Palii ◽  
Michelle M. Thiaville ◽  
Yuan-Xiang Pan ◽  
Can Zhong ◽  
Michael S. Kilberg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Amino Acid Transporter ◽  
Neutral Amino Acid ◽  
System A ◽  
Neutral Amino Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Transporter ◽  
Amino Acid Response

The neutral amino acid transport activity, System A, is enhanced by amino acid limitation of mammalian cells. Of the three gene products that encode System A activity, the one that exhibits this regulation is SNAT2 (sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2). Fibroblasts that are deficient in the amino acid response pathway exhibited little or no induction of SNAT2 mRNA. Synthesis of SNAT2 mRNA increased within 1–2 h after amino acid removal from HepG2 human hepatoma cells. The amino acid responsive SNAT2 genomic element that mediates the regulation has been localized to the first intron. Increased binding of selected members of the ATF (activating transcription factor) and C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) families to the intronic enhancer was established both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, there was no significant association of these factors with the SNAT2 promoter. Expression of exogenous individual ATF and C/EBP proteins documented that specific family members are associated with either activation or repression of SNAT2 transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis established in vivo that amino acid deprivation led to increased RNA polymerase II recruitment to the SNAT2 promoter.

scholarly journals Identification of a Novel Amino Acid Response Pathway Triggering ATF2 Phosphorylation in Mammals

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (24) ◽  
pp. 6515-6526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Chaveroux ◽  
Céline Jousse ◽  
Yoan Cherasse ◽  
Anne-Catherine Maurin ◽  
Laurent Parry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Amino Acid Starvation ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Individual Gene ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Rna Transfection ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Response

ABSTRACT It has been well established that amino acid availability can control gene expression. Previous studies have shown that amino acid depletion induces transcription of the ATF3 (activation transcription factor 3) gene through an amino acid response element (AARE) located in its promoter. This event requires phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a constitutive AARE-bound factor. To identify the signaling cascade leading to phosphorylation of ATF2 in response to amino acid starvation, we used an individual gene knockdown approach by small interfering RNA transfection. We identified the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) module MEKK1/MKK7/JNK2 as the pathway responsible for ATF2 phosphorylation on the threonine 69 (Thr69) and Thr71 residues. Then, we progressed backwards up the signal transduction pathway and showed that the GTPase Rac1/Cdc42 and the protein Gα12 control the MAPK module, ATF2 phosphorylation, and AARE-dependent transcription. Taken together, our data reveal a new signaling pathway activated by amino acid starvation leading to ATF2 phosphorylation and subsequently positively affecting the transcription of amino acid-regulated genes.

scholarly journals Itaconate Alters Succinate and Coenzyme A Metabolism via Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex II and Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Thekla Cordes ◽  
Christian M. Metallo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Reversible Inhibitor ◽  
Complex Ii ◽  
Branched Chain

Itaconate is a small molecule metabolite that is endogenously produced by cis-aconitate decarboxylase-1 (ACOD1) in mammalian cells and influences numerous cellular processes. The metabolic consequences of itaconate in cells are diverse and contribute to its regulatory function. Here, we have applied isotope tracing and mass spectrometry approaches to explore how itaconate impacts various metabolic pathways in cultured cells. Itaconate is a competitive and reversible inhibitor of Complex II/succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that alters tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism leading to succinate accumulation. Upon activation with coenzyme A (CoA), itaconyl-CoA inhibits adenosylcobalamin-mediated methylmalonyl-CoA (MUT) activity and, thus, indirectly impacts branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism and fatty acid diversity. Itaconate, therefore, alters the balance of CoA species in mitochondria through its impacts on TCA, amino acid, vitamin B12, and CoA metabolism. Our results highlight the diverse metabolic pathways regulated by itaconate and provide a roadmap to link these metabolites to potential downstream biological functions.

scholarly journals Transcription factor network downstream of protease activated receptors (PARs) modulating mouse bladder inflammation

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Saban ◽  
Cindy Simpson ◽  
Carole A Davis ◽  
Igor Dozmorov ◽  
Julie Maier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Protease Activated Receptors ◽  
Transcription Factor Network ◽  
Bladder Inflammation
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