scholarly journals The impact of federal income tax rate cuts on the municipal bond market in the U.S.: A brief exploratory empirical note

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cebula ◽  
◽  
Don Capener
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
Municipal Bond ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
Empirical Note ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Measuring “Schmeduling”

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 2399-2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Rees-Jones ◽  
Dmitry Taubinsky
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Marginal Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Policy Relevance ◽  
Marginal Tax Rates ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Empirical Framework

Abstract What mental models do individuals use to approximate their tax schedule? Using incentivized forecasts of the U.S. Federal income tax schedule, we estimate the prevalence of the “schmeduling” heuristics for constructing mental representations of nonlinear incentive schemes. We find evidence of widespread reliance on the “ironing” heuristic, which linearizes the tax schedule using one’s average tax rate. In our preferred specification, 43% of the population irons. We find no evidence of reliance on the “spotlighting” heuristic, which linearizes the tax schedule using one’s marginal tax rate. We show that the presence of ironing rationalizes a number of empirical patterns in individuals’ perceptions of tax liability across the income distribution. Furthermore, while our empirical framework accommodates a rich class of other misperceptions, we find that a simple model including only ironers and correct forecasters accurately predicts average underestimation of marginal tax rates. We replicate our finding of prevalent ironing, and a lack of other systematic misperceptions, in a controlled experiment that studies real-stakes decisions across exogenously varied tax schedules. To illustrate the policy relevance of the ironing heuristic, we show that it augments the benefits of progressive taxation in a standard model of earnings choice. We quantify these benefits in a calibrated model of the U.S. tax system.

scholarly journals The Impact of Capital Gains Tax Treatments on Optimal Livestock Enterprise Selection

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
John T. Pounder ◽  
Richard A. Schoney ◽  
Gustof A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Capital Gains Tax ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Federal Income Tax ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
The Impact

Current income tax provisions bear little resemblance to those enacted by the original law, the Revenue Act of 1913. Because of the progressive nature of the federal income tax, a need for special provisions for capital gains was recognized. In 1921, gains from the sale or disposition of capital assets and certain other capital items were identified and taxed differently from income from other sources. The capital gains provisions resulted in the separation of ordinary and capital gains income.Gains and losses from the sale or exchange of a capital asset and other capital items are classified as either short- or long-term, depending on the period of time the property is held. Income from items held for less than the required period is taxed as ordinary income. Income from items held for longer than the required period receive preferential treatment only if the net long-term gain exceeds the net short-term capital loss. If long-term capital gains are realized, 60 percent of the excess gain is claimable as a deduction; the remaining 40 percent of the net gain is taxed at the taxpayer's ordinary tax rate. If the net short-term capital gain exceeds the net long-term loss, 100 percent of the excess is taxable at the normal rate.

scholarly journals The Role of Taxes in the Disconnect Between Corporate Performance and Economic Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 5427-5447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urooj Khan ◽  
Suresh Nallareddy ◽  
Ethan Rouen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Corporate Performance ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Corporate Profits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

We investigate the relation between corporate performance and overall economic growth in the United States. In particular, we focus on the impact of the U.S. corporate tax regime on this relation. Exploiting time-series variation and a tax shock, we document that the relatively higher corporate income tax rate and the tax treatment of foreign earnings of U.S. corporations have contributed to a disconnect between the performance of the corporate sector and the overall economy. Specifically, the growth of domestic (national) corporate profits, on average, has outpaced the growth of the domestic (national) economy, and this disconnect increases as the difference between the U.S. corporate income tax rate and the average tax rate of the other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries increases. The underlying mechanism is fewer corporate profits being channeled into subsequent domestic investments when the U.S. tax rate is relatively higher, leading to lower economic growth. Our findings have implications for policy setters. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.

scholarly journals Evaluation the impact of the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic in 2021 on effective tax rate and tax progressivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
M. Krajňák ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Income Tax Reform

Legislation governing personal income taxation is often subject to changes. A significant personal income tax reform was carried out in the Czech Republic in 2021. The reform implements a progressive tax rate, changes the way the tax base is determined, and increases the tax relief for the taxpayer. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the personal income tax reform on the effective tax rate and tax progressivity. To that end, methods of regression analysis have been used. The source of information for analysis was the data published by the Czech Statistical Office. It was found that in 2021, in comparison with 2020, the tax burden represented in this study by the effective tax rate, in all cases became lower, approximately by 5%. The main reason for this decline is the adjustment of the method of construction of the tax base, which, for the first time in the history of the Income Tax Act, is gross wages. Until the end of 2020, the tax base was a super-gross wage, or the gross wage increased by social security contribution borne by the employer at his costs. The second factor that reduces the tax burden is a CZK 3,000 increase in the deduction per taxpayer per year. This fact increases the degree of tax progressivity, as confirmed by the results of the progressivity analysis and the regression analysis. The changes that have taken place in the personal income tax this year have a positive impact on the taxpayer, but from the point of view of the state, this reform has reduced the state budget revenues.

Does financial advisor quality improve liquidity and issuer benefits in segmented markets? Evidence from the municipal bond market

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-458
Author(s):  
Kenneth Daniels ◽  
Jack Dorminey ◽  
Brent Smith ◽  
Jayaraman Vijayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Bond Market ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Financial Advisors ◽  
Municipal Bond ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Regression Estimate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Advisor ◽  
Revenue Bonds ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Using a unique sample of about 563,000 competitively bid municipal revenue bonds with financial advisors issued during the period 1998–2012, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role and influence of financial advisor quality in the municipal bond market. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a sample of about 563,000 competitively bid municipal revenue bonds with financial advisors issued during the period 1998–2012. The authors estimate a selection model where the authors identify the factors leading to the selection of a high-quality financial advisor. The authors then, using the inverse mills ratio from the first regression, estimate the association of high-quality advisor (and other factors) with the cost of borrowing. Findings The results suggest that high-quality financial advisors provide a credible signal to market participants about issue and issuer quality. This signal translates to a greater number of bids for issues that use high-quality financial advisors, resulting in improved liquidity and lower borrowing costs for these issues. The results also show that the beneficial effects obtained by using higher quality financial advisors are prevalent across all categories of issues such as for refunding and non-refunding issues, and for both insured and non-insured issues. The benefits are also generally observed for issues of most size categories. The results also suggest that the passage of the Dodd–Frank Act requiring mandatory registration of financial advisors and enhanced scrutiny has only increased the benefits to issuers from using higher quality financial advisors. Originality/value This paper differs from previous research in several important ways. First, the study is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first study that explores the relationship between financial advisor quality and liquidity in the municipal sector. The authors show using higher quality financial advisors enhances liquidity for the issues by attracting a significantly large number of bids. Second, the sample is exclusively comprised of competitively bid revenue issues all of which rely on financial advisors. This enables us to examine more unambiguously the influence of financial advisor quality, without the confounding effects of issues without financial advisors. Third, time coverage (1998–2012) and size of the sample (roughly 563,000 bond issues) enables us to conduct varied sub-sample analyses with greater power since the resulting sub-sample partitions themselves are of very large size. This provides better and additional insights into the role of financial advisor quality. The more current data when compared to prior research enables us to examine the impact of financial advisor quality inter-temporally with special attention devoted to the period after passage of the Dodd–Frank Act.

scholarly journals Comparison of Income Tax Base in Visegrad Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Jana Hinke ◽  
Tomáš Rain ◽  
Barbora Hrabovská
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Visegrád Countries ◽  
Calculation Procedures

Abstract The objective of the research was to compare the procedures for the calculation of income tax in the Visegrad Four (V4) countries. The statutory income tax calculation procedures are very similar in the V4 countries. Particular systems differ parametrically. Based on a literature review, synthesis of knowledge, comparison and simulation calculations, it can be stated that Hungary has the lowest corporate tax rate, and in the simulative calculations it also produced the lowest tax and highest profit after taxation for a fictitious entity in Hungary. Income tax in the V4 countries differs mainly in the possibility of applying the loss of previous years, in the impact of depreciation on the amount of the tax and in the income tax rebate linked to the employment of the disabled.

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