scholarly journals Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) on American chestnut (Castanea dentata) used in coal mine restoration

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenise M. Bauman ◽  
◽  
Sarah Francino ◽  
Amy Santas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Mine Restoration

scholarly journals Resistance toPhytophthora cinnamomiin American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) Backcross Populations that Descended from Two Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) Sources of Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1631-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared W. Westbrook ◽  
Joseph B. James ◽  
Paul H. Sisco ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Sunny Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Chinese Chestnut ◽  
Root Health

Restoration of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) depends on combining resistance to both the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) and Phytophthora cinnamomi, which causes Phytophthora root rot, in a diverse population of C. dentata. Over a 14-year period (2004 to 2017), survival and root health of American chestnut backcross seedlings after inoculation with P. cinnamomi were compared among 28 BC3, 66 BC4, and 389 BC3F3families that descended from two BC1trees (Clapper and Graves) with different Chinese chestnut grandparents. The 5% most resistant Graves BC3F3families survived P. cinnamomi infection at rates of 75 to 100% but had mean root health scores that were intermediate between resistant Chinese chestnut and susceptible American chestnut families. Within Graves BC3F3families, seedling survival was greater than survival of Graves BC3and BC4families and was not genetically correlated with chestnut blight canker severity. Only low to intermediate resistance to P. cinnamomi was detected among backcross descendants from the Clapper tree. Results suggest that major-effect resistance alleles were inherited by descendants from the Graves tree, that intercrossing backcross trees enhances progeny resistance to P. cinnamomi, and that alleles for resistance to P. cinnamomi and C. parasitica are not linked. To combine resistance to both C. parasitica and P. cinnamomi, a diverse Graves backcross population will be screened for resistance to P. cinnamomi, survivors bred with trees selected for resistance to C. parasitica, and progeny selected for resistance to both pathogens will be intercrossed.

scholarly journals Detection of natural infection of Quercus spp. by the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) in Hungary

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Radócz ◽  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽  
European Chestnut ◽  
Total Destruction ◽  
Quercus Spp ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

The chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr [syn.: Endothia parasitica (Murr) Anderson] caused almost total destruction of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and widely spread on European chestnut (Castanea saliva) in many European countries. In Hungary, because this fungus threatens most of the Hungarian chestnut stands, great efforts have been made to delay its spread. Biological control with Hungarian hypovirulent strains of the pathogen seems to be an effective method for saving the affected chestnut trees. Until 1998 the fungus was detected on Castanea saliva only, then on some trees of young Quercus petrea in mixed chestnut forests, which also showed the typical symptoms of blight (Kőszeg and Zengővárkony). Although blight symptoms are not so serious in Quercus spp. than in Castanea spp., it seems that C. parasitica threatens the young Quercus spp. in Hungary, mainly in heavily infected chestnut forests. This is the first report of C. parasitica cankers on oak in Hungary.

Movement of cytoplasmic hypovirulence agents in chestnut blight cankers

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Shain ◽  
J. B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Typical Morphology ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Hypovirulent Strain ◽  
Endothia Parasitica

Chestnut blight cankers, initiated with virulent methionine auxotrophic strains of Cryphonectria parasitica, were challenged by placing one or two discs of agar and mycelium of prototrophic hypovirulent strains at their base. Movement of hypovirulence agents was confirmed by recovery of an isolate that exhibited the typical morphology of the introduced hypovirulent strain on media with methionine but little or no growth on media without methionine. Cultures from bark showed that the hypovirulent agent moved through mycelium around the circumference of cankers within 3 weeks when the virulent and challenging hypovirulent were vegetatively compatible. Conversion of the mycelium in the canker interior proceeded more slowly. Conversion of mycelium also was delayed, but eventually occurred, when virulent and hypovirulent inocula differed in vegetative compatibility. Conidia, however, continued to yield virulent, methionine-requiring cultures up to 65 weeks after challenge, even though underlying bark frequently yielded hypovirulent, methionine-requiring cultures. This disinclination of hypovirulent agents to enter the asexual apparatus in cankers may contribute substantially to the observed ineffective dissemination of hypovirulence in the natural range of American chestnut. Exploitation of those hypovirulent agents that can enter conidia in cankers may enhance the biological control of chestnut blight by hypovirulence. Key words: biological control, Cryphonectria parasitica, Endothia parasitica, Castanea dentata.

Cryphonectria parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Carya Ovata ◽  
Shagbark Hickory ◽  
British Colombia ◽  
Rhus Typhina

Abstract A description is provided for Cryphonectria parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Particularly Castanea dentata (American chestnut); other Castanea spp., Acer spp. Quercus spp., Carya ovata (shagbark hickory) and Rhus typhina (staghorn sumach), (30, 550; 33, 569; 34, 759; 42, 709; 43, 2426; 48, 946; 54, 1012; 56, 410; 57, 1569). DISEASE: Chestnut Blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, India (Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Korea, Turkey, USSR (Caucasus); Europe (Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, USSR (Ukraine), Yugoslavia); N. America (Canada (British Colombia, Ontario), USA (E. including Florida, California, Oregon and Washington) (CMI Map 66, ed. 4, 1973) TRANSMISSION: The slimy conidia are spread in water and carried long distances by birds and insects. The ascospores are air dispersed; acospore discharge has been described (59, 471).

Dendroecology of American chestnut in a disjunct stand of oak–chestnut forest

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W McEwan ◽  
Carolyn H Keiffer ◽  
Brian C McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Restoration Potential

American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) was once an important hardwood species in the forests of eastern North America. Following the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr) pandemic of the early 20th century, C. dentata remains only as sprouts throughout much of its range. We conducted a dendroecological analysis of a large naturalized stand of mature C. dentata to evaluate the species' growth capacity, ecology, and restoration potential. Eestablishment of C. dentata was sporadic in the first 40 years of our chronology, followed by a disturbance-associated recruitment pulse. The species appears to be tolerant of suppression in the understory, but responded to release with rapid radial growth (>10 mm·year–1). Although its climate–growth relationships are similar to those of other hardwood species, mean radial growth of C. dentata was nearly twice that of other hardwood species found in the stand (4.7 ± 0.21 vs. 2.5 ± 0.16 mm·year–1). Chestnut blight has recently infected this stand, resulting in a sharp depression in the growth chronology of C. dentata, even when outward signs of infection were not yet visible. Observed establishment and growth patterns suggest that blight-resistant C. dentata is likely to attain dominance rapidly in forests where restoration efforts include canopy manipulations that increase light availability.

scholarly journals Hard Mast Production Before and After the Chestnut Blight

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth J. Diamond ◽  
Robert H. Giles ◽  
Roy L. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Gary J. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Chestnut Blight Fungus ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mast Production

Abstract We estimated hard mast production of a Southern Appalachian forest for two 10 yr intervals: one before and one, 35 yr after, the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) (Murr.) Barr, had killed all mature chestnut trees. The basal area of hard mast-producing trees in the postblight forest was 28% less than in the preblight forest. The estimate of hard mast output was 34% less after the chestnut blight. Postblight production was less than preblight production for 8 of 10 yr. During 5 of these years, postblight production was only 5-27% of preblight production. Annual preblight mast production was relatively stable, whereas annual postblight production fluctuated substantially. Our findings suggest that the loss of mature chestnuts (Castanea dentata) markedly reduced the Southern Appalachian forest's carrying capacity for certain wildlife species. South. J. Appl. For 24(4):196-201.

Ex situ conservation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), a review

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken McIlwrick ◽  
S. Wetzel ◽  
T. Beardmore ◽  
K. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Juglans Cinerea ◽  
Research Areas

Two tree species native to North America, American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) and butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), which have experienced rapid declines in their populations due to similar stressors (disease and changes in land use), are used as examples of how these species would benefit from ex situ conservation efforts. Current and past ex situ and in situ conservation efforts for these species are discussed and the focus of this review is on two key research areas: 1) what needs to be preserved (genetic information) and 2) how to preserve these trees or germplasm. Key words: butternut, American chestnut, Cryphonectria parasitica, Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, ex situ conservation

scholarly journals Comparison of the transcriptomes of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) in response to the chestnut blight infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelali Barakat ◽  
Denis S DiLoreto ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Chris Smith ◽  
Kathleen Baier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Chestnut Blight ◽  
Chinese Chestnut ◽  
Castanea Mollissima

scholarly journals First Report of Ectomycorrhizal Fungus, Laccaria ochropurpurea, Associated with Castanea dentata (American Chestnut) Roots in a Mixed-Species Plantation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Morgan V. Ritzi ◽  
Stephen D. Russell ◽  
M. Catherine Aime ◽  
Gordon G. McNickle
Keyword(s):  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Mutualistic Association ◽  
Direct Confirmation

American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is critically endangered by chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica. Beneficial interactions with mutualistic ectomycorrhizae sometimes confer resistance to pathogens; however, little is known about the mycorrhizal partners of American chestnut. Basidiocarps of Laccaria ochropurpurea were observed in a 10-year-old American chestnut plantation. The identity of the species was confirmed utilizing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. In spring 2018, root fragments were excised from beneath three American chestnut trees in three separate plots where basidiocarps were observed. Root tips with evidence of mycorrhizal fungal colonization were pooled, extracted, and sequenced to confirm both the plant host and mycorrhizal associates. To our knowledge, this is the first direct confirmation of American chestnut roots associated with L. ochropurpurea. We suggest further studies to investigate whether this association is common, whether it confers any disease resistance, and if this mutualistic association could be employed in restoration efforts of the American chestnut.

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