scholarly journals The optimal pricing and ordering policy for temperature sensitive products considering the effects of temperature on demand

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Bing-Bing Cao ◽  
◽  
Zhi-Ping Fan ◽  
Tian-Hui You ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Ordering Policy ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature on Evoked Electrical Activity and Anoxic Injury in CNS White Matter

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Stys ◽  
Stephen G. Waxman ◽  
Bruce R. Ransom
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Anoxic Injury ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Brain

Temperature is known to influence the extent of anoxic/ischemic injury in gray matter of the brain. We tested the hypothesis that small changes in temperature during anoxic exposure could affect the degree of functional injury seen in white matter, using the isolated rat optic nerve, a typical CNS white matter tract (Foster et al., 1982). Functional recovery after anoxia was monitored by quantitative assessment of the compound action potential (CAP) area. Small changes in ambient temperature, within a range of 32 to 42°C, mildly affected the CAP of the optic nerve under normoxic conditions. Reducing the temperature to <37°C caused a reversible increase in the CAP area and in the latencies of all three CAP peaks; increasing the temperature to >37°C had opposite effects. Functional recovery of white matter following 60 min of anoxia was strongly influenced by temperature during the period of anoxia. The average recovery of the CAP, relative to control, after 60 min of anoxia administered at 37°C was 35.4 ± 7%; when the temperature was lowered by 2.5°C (i.e., to 34.5°C) for the period of anoxic exposure, the extent of functional recovery improved to 64.6 ± 15% ( p < 0.00001). Lowering the temperature to 32°C during anoxic exposure for 60 min resulted in even greater functional recovery (100.5 ± 14% of the control CAP area). Conversely, if temperature was increased to >37°C during anoxia, the functional outcome worsened, e.g., CAP recovery at 42°C was 8.5 ± 7% ( p < 0.00001). Hypothermia (i.e., 32°C) for 30 min immediately following anoxia at 37°C did not improve the functional outcome. Many processes within the brain are temperature sensitive, including O2 consumption, and it is not clear which of these is most relevant to the observed effects of temperature on recovery of white matter from anoxic injury. Unlike the situation in gray matter, the temperature dependency of anoxic injury cannot be related to reduced release of excitotoxins like glutamate, because neurotransmitters play no role in the pathophysiology of anoxic damage in white matter (Ransom et al., 1990 a). It is more likely that temperature affects the rate of ion transport by the Na+–Ca2+ exchanger, the transporter responsible for intracellular Ca2+ loading during anoxia in white matter, and/or the rate of some destructive intracellular enzymatic mechanism(s) activated by pathological increases in intracellular Ca2+.

Multiscale Evaporation Rate Measurement Using Microlaser-Induced Fluorescence

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngjoon Suh ◽  
Cheng-Hui Lin ◽  
Hamsa Gowda ◽  
Yoonjin Won
Keyword(s):  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Cooling Devices ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Two Phase Heat Transfer

Abstract As the heat generation at device footprint continuously increases in modern high-tech electronics, there is an urgent need to develop new cooling devices that balance the increasing power demands. To meet this need, cutting-edge cooling devices often utilize microscale structures that facilitate two-phase heat transfer. However, it has been difficult to understand how microstructures enhance evaporation performances through traditional experimental methods due to low spatial resolution. The previous methods can only provide coarse interpretations on how physical properties such as permeability, thermal conduction, and effective surface areas interact at the microscale to effectively dissipate heat. This motivates researchers to develop new methods to observe and analyze local evaporation phenomena at the microscale. Herein, we present techniques to characterize submicron to macroscale evaporative phenomena of microscale structures by using microlaser-induced fluorescence (μLIF). We corroborate the use of unsealed temperature-sensitive dyes by systematically investigating the effects of temperature, concentration, and liquid thickness on the fluorescence intensity. Considering these factors, we analyze the evaporative performances of microstructures using two approaches. The first approach characterizes the overall and local evaporation rates by measuring the solution drying time. The second approach employs an intensity-to-temperature calibration curve to convert temperature-sensitive fluorescence signals to surface temperatures, which calculates the submicron-level evaporation rates. Using these methods, we reveal that the local evaporation rate between microstructures is high but is balanced with a large capillary-feeding. This study will enable engineers to decompose the key thermofluidic parameters contributing to the evaporative performance of microscale structures.

Retailer’s Ordering Policy in a Supply Chain when Demand is Price and Credit Period Dependent

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra K. Jaggi ◽  
Amrina Kausar
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Great Role ◽  
Credit Period ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Partial Trade Credit ◽  
Full Credit ◽  
Ordering Policy

Trade credit is a well established promotional tool in the present competitive world and its impact on demand cannot be ignored. Businesses often use trade credit to increase their market share and, in turn, the profit. Undoubtedly, trade credit plays a great role in increasing the demand but it also involves a great risk of non-payment. In order to reduce the risk of non-payment, businessman at times use a partial trade credit policy in which they demand a certain percentage of the total amount from the customer at the time of purchase and offers the credit for the remaining amount. Furthermore, it is also observed that the demand of FMCG is highly price sensitive. In order to see the effect of credit and price together, on demand, the retailer’s demand is taken as a function of price and credit period. Moreover it is assumed that the supplier offers the full credit to the retailer but the retailer passes a partial credit to customers. The inventory model, determines the optimal replenishment time, credit period, and price for the retailer that maximizes profit. Numerical examples have been provided to support the model followed by the comprehensive sensitivity analysis.

Photoperiodic Time Measurement and Effects of Temperature on Flowering in Chenopodium rubrum L

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW King
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Temperature Shift ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Pharbitis Nil ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Critical Daylength ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Two Parameters

The critical dark period length (c. 8 h darkness) required for induction of flowering of C. rubrum is insensitive to temperature (Q10 c. 1.0) over the temperature range 10-25°C. However, the period of a rhythm controlling floral induction is shown to be temperature sensitive (Q10 c. 1.4) over the temperature range 9-22°C. The discrepancy in temperature dependence of these two parameters of photoperiodic time-measurement could reflect differences in their rates of adjustment after a temperature shift. By contrast, at least two other species (Pharbitis nil and Hyoscyamus niger) show marked temperature sensitivity of their critical daylength. Thus, there may be more than one time- keeper in the photoperiodic control of flowering.

On-demand antimicrobial release from a temperature-sensitive polymer — Comparison with ad libitum release from central venous catheters

2014 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 61-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelmer Sjollema ◽  
Rene J.B. Dijkstra ◽  
Caroline Abeln ◽  
Henny C. van der Mei ◽  
Dirk van Asseldonk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Venous Catheters ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Ad Libitum
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