scholarly journals The Influence of N-P-K Fertilizer Rates and Cropping Systems on Root Biomass and Some Root Morphological Variables of Sweet Corn and Vegetable Soybean

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkadir Iman ◽  
Zakaria Wahab . ◽  
Mohd. Ridzwan Abd. H . ◽  
Syed Omar Syed Rasta .
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Vegetable Soybean ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis of Modifications of Root System Traits of Crop Plants to Potassium (K) Deprivation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Oscar Yawson ◽  
Kwadwo Kusi Amoah ◽  
Paul Agu Asare ◽  
Josiah Techie-Menson ◽  
Emmanuel Afutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
K Fertilizer

Unlike nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), morphological responses of root systems of crop plants to potassium (K) dynamics in soils or growth media are only gaining currency. This is due to the realization of the instrumental role of K in several cellular and tissue level processes crucial for the growth, stress tolerance, metabolic functions, and yield of crop plants, and ultimately, food security and sustainable agriculture. This chapter used meta-analysis to synthesize the pooled evidence for modifications in several root system traits of different crop plants under conditions of K starvation in different growth media. In all, 37 studies that passed inclusion/exclusion criteria, from 1969 to 2019, were analyzed in aggregate and then disaggregated for root biomass, root length, and the number of roots. Three moderators were analyzed: type of soil or growth medium, crop, and K fertilizer applied in the included studies. The aggregated results show that the cumulative effect of K deprivation was a significant and large reduction (about 25.5 ± 15.0%) in the bulk of root system traits considered, which was slightly lower than the reduction in shoot- or yield-related traits. Reductions of approximately 38 ± 38.0% in root biomass and 23.2 ± 18.6% in root length were observed, and the magnitudes of reduction were comparable to those observed from the disaggregated data. Though reductions in root system traits due to K starvation occurred under both greenhouse/lab and field conditions, the cumulative reduction in the former was significantly larger than that of the latter. Among the moderators, the effect of type of soil (or growth media) and crop on the scale of modification of root system traits to K deprivation are stronger compared to the effect of type of K fertilizer applied. It is concluded that, overall, K deprivation leads to significant reductions in root system traits, especially root biomass and length in soils and perlite regardless of the type of K fertilizer applied. Attention should be given to K management in cropping systems to avoid K starvation, especially at the early and vegetative stages, and to improve K reserves in soils. Further attention should be given to the responses of root system traits to K supply when matching crops to soils.

Effects of Tillage and Mulch on Weed Biomass and Sweet Corn Yield

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Mohler
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
No Till

Sweet corn was grown with a living mulch of white clover, a dead mulch of rye, and without mulch, in both till and no-till conditions. Unplanted controls were also included in the experimental design. Corn yields were highest in clover treatments early in the experiment but lowest in later years. The declining yields in the clover living mulch were related to the strip application of glyphosate which allowed establishment of perennial and biennial weeds, notably dandelion and horseweed. These overwintering weeds apparently prevented effective control of summer annuals, especially redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters and large crabgrass, by atrazine and metolachlor. Presence of a rye mulch decreased weed biomass and had no detrimental effect on corn yield. In general, corn yield was not affected by tillage, although the number of marketable ears was reduced in the no-till treatments during the drought year of 1988. The much greater weed biomass in the unplanted control treatments showed the importance of crop competition for weed control in sweet corn cropping systems.

scholarly journals Long-term annual fertilization with nitrogen and potassium affect yield and mineral composition of 'Fuji' apple

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Nava ◽  
Antonio Roque Dechen
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
The Mean ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
K Fertilization

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are closely related to orchard productivity, since they are usually found in higher concentrations than others macronutrients in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) fruits. This research was carried out to assess the effect of eight years of soil additions of N and K on yield, fruit size and mineral composition of 'Fuji'/Marubakaido apple in São Joaquim, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. A factorial design was used with N and K annual fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1 of N and K2O) replicated in three orchards from 1998 to 2006. Yield was estimated by multiplying the total number of fruit per tree by the mean weight of 100 randomly sampled fruit. Fifteen days prior to harvest, 24 fruit pulps were analyzed for N, K, Ca and Mg contents. Increases in yields were noticed in five and four years, due to the N and K fertilizer additions, respectively. Fruit size was more affected by K than by N fertilization. Fruit mineral composition was affected by both N and K fertilization. N concentration and N:Ca ratios were enlarged by N fertilization. K concentration and K:Ca ratios were also enlarged by K fertilization. Ca fruit concentration was reduced by N fertilization and often by K. Ca-related fruit disorders were not observed even after 180 days storage. However, N and K fertilization affected Ca nutrition. Thus, when fertilizing with N and K, it is imperative to use combined practices in order to offset the detrimental effect that these nutrients may cause on Ca concentration in the fruit.

scholarly journals Identification of soil P fractions that are associated with P loss from surface runoff under various cropping systems and fertilizer rates on sloped farmland

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. e0179275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinghua Li ◽  
Baona Wang ◽  
Tewu Yang ◽  
Duanwei Zhu ◽  
Zhongnan Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Fractions ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

scholarly journals Effects of Different 3-Year Cropping Systems on Soil Microbial Communities and Rhizoctonia Diseases of Potato

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Larkin ◽  
C. Wayne Honeycutt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Potato Crops

Eight different 3-year cropping systems, consisting of soybean-canola, soybean-barley, sweet corn-canola, sweet corn-soybean, green bean-sweet corn, canola-sweet corn, barley-clover, and continuous potato (non-rotation control) followed by potato as the third crop in all systems, were established in replicated field plots with two rotation entry points in Presque Isle, ME, in 1998. Cropping system effects on soil microbial community characteristics based on culturable soil microbial populations, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were evaluated in association with the development of soilborne diseases of potato in the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity were highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn crops, and lowest following continuous potato. The SU profiles derived from BIOLOG ECO plates indicated higher substrate richness and diversity and greater utilization of certain carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids associated with barley, canola, and some sweet corn rotations, indicating distinct differences in functional attributes of microbial communities among cropping systems. Soil FAME profiles also demonstrated distinct differences among cropping systems in their relative composition of fatty acid types and classes, representing structural attributes of microbial communities. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among cropping systems included 12:0, 16:1 ω5c, 16:1 ω7c, 18:1 ω9c, and 18:2ω6c. Based on FAME biomarkers, barley rotations resulted in higher fungi-to-bacteria ratios, sweet corn resulted in greater mycorrhizae populations, and continuous potato produced the lowest amounts of these and other biomarker traits. Incidence and severity of stem and stolon canker and black scurf of potato, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, were reduced for most rotations relative to the continuous potato control. Potato crops following canola, barley, or sweet corn provided the lowest levels of Rhizoctonia disease and best tuber quality, whereas potato crops following clover or soybean resulted in disease problems in some years. Both rotation crop and cropping sequence were important in shaping the microbial characteristics, soilborne disease, and tuber qualities. Several microbial parameters, including microbial populations and SU and FAME profile characteristics, were correlated with potato disease or yield measurements in one or both harvest years. In this study, we have demonstrated distinctive effects of specific rotation crops and cropping sequences on microbial communities and have begun to relate the implications of these changes to crop health and productivity.

Potassium in soils under different cropping systems: 3. Non-exchangeable potassium in soils from long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Addiscott ◽  
A. E. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Drying And Rewetting ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Percentage Release ◽  
Clay Percentage

SUMMARYSoils from long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn were cropped for very long periods (up to 5½ years) with ryegrass in pots. Measurements of the potassium taken up by the ryegrass that was not exchangeable to ammonium acetate and the kinetics of its release both suggested two categories of non-exchangeable K. Of these, the first to be released was closely related to the initial exchangeable K, whilst the second, though partly related to the initial exchangeable K was also influenced by the clay percentage. Release of both categories may have been controlled by diffusion, because both showed good relationships between the quantity released and time. It is suggested that the first category may be K ‘trapped’ when K fertilizer added in the field decreased the interlamellar spaces of vermiculite layers in clay particles, whilst the second may simply be the ‘native’ K (described by others) present in clay and other minerals in the soil.Resowing the soils (without drying them) during the later stages of K. uptake suggested that the ability of the old ryegrass to absorb K was not a factor limiting K uptake even after long growth.When the ryegrass ceased to grow, the mean K potentials in the exhausted soils were close to the ‘uptake potential’ for ryegrass derived earlier by considering K uptakes from soils in relation to the quantity/potential relationships of the soils. Drying and rewetting the exhausted soils released K; the amount was influenced in one group of soils by the exchangeable K in the moist exhausted soil and in another group by the clay percentage.

scholarly journals Evaluating Fertilizer Influence on Overwintering Survival and Growth of Sedum Species in a Fall-installed Green Roof

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1775-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Clark ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Overwintering Survival ◽  
Substrate Fertility ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Leaf Greenness

Vegetation success on green roofs in northern climates is challenged by extreme weather conditions, especially in winter, and is influenced by season of installation and substrate fertility. Appropriate fertilization with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) can reduce winter injury for some plant species. The objectives of this study were to identify both the effect of P and K fertilizer rates on Sedum spp. survival over the first winter and the response of Sedum spp. growth to fertilizer rates when applied at installation. In a fall-installed extensive green roof system, survival, growth, and visual appearance of Sedum mats in non-fertilized plots (control) were compared with plots fertilized with 16–6–13 POLYON® Homogenous NPK plus Minors 3-4 month controlled-release fertilizer at 20.0 g nitrogen (N)/m2 either alone or with additional P to total 28.8, 54.4, or 80.0 g P/m2 or K to total 32.5, 51.6, or 70.6 g K/m2. Sedum mats were installed on 8 Oct. 2010 and plants in all plots survived the winter and the next year. During the 2011 growing season, vegetative coverage was not significantly different among any individual fertilized treatments; however, vegetative coverage data combined for all fertilized treatments was larger than the control. Fertilized treatments also showed larger plant height and biomass after one year, taller S. acre and S. sexangulare inflorescences, increased leaf greenness, and higher visual appearance rankings compared with the control. For individual Sedum species, S. album showed the greatest coverage in P-fertilized treatments, and effects on S. acre and S. sexangulare were treatment-dependent. Application of a controlled-release N–P–K fertilizer, without additional P or K, can be used to encourage vegetative coverage, plant growth, leaf greenness, inflorescence height, and visual appearance in fall-installed extensive Sedum green roof systems.

scholarly journals Crop Nutrient Survey Results for Five Vegetable Crops in Dade County, Florida

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 524B-524
Author(s):  
Mary Lamberts ◽  
Teresa Olczyk ◽  
Stephen K. O'Hair ◽  
Juan Carranza ◽  
Herbert H. Bryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Dade County ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fertilizer Management ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

A baseline survey was conducted to determine grower fertilizer management practices for five vegetable crops: beans, malanga, potatoes, sweet corn, and squash. This was done in conjunction with a 3-year replicated fertility trial with four vegetable crops (1993–94 through 1995–96) in the Homestead area. Questions included: fertilizer rates and timing, source(s) of fertilizer recommendations, soil and tissue testing, irrigation, changes in practices, summer cover crops, rock plowing, spacing, and type of fertilizer used. Survey results will be presented.

Nitrogen dynamics of chickpea: Effects of cultivar choice, N fertilization, Rhizobium inoculation, and cropping systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Gan ◽  
A M Johnston ◽  
J D Knight ◽  
C. McDonald ◽  
C. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Management ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Understanding N dynamics in relation to cultural practices may help optimize N management in annual legume crops. This study was conducted at six environsites (location × year combinations) in southern Saskatchewan, 2004-2006, to quantify N uptake, N2 fixation, and N balance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in relation to cultivar choice, cropping systems, rhizobial inoculation, and soil N fertility. The cultivars Amit, CDC Anna, CDC Frontier, and CDC Xena were grown at N fertilizer rates of 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112 kg N ha-1 with no Rhizobium and at 0, 28, and 84 kg N ha-1 combined with Rhizobium inoculation, evaluated in both conventional tilled-fallow and continuously cropped no-till systems. Flax was used as a non-N-fixing reference crop. The cultivar CDC Xena had the lowest yield (1.57 Mg ha-1) and seed N uptake (54.4 kg N ha-1), with N use efficiency (NUE, 13.2 kg seed N kg-1) being 17% less than the average of the other cultivars. Consequently, N balance (N input via fertilizer and N-fixation minus N exported) was -32.4 kg N ha-1 for CDC Xena and less negative than the average of the other cultivars (-39.8 kg N ha-1). Inoculated chickpea took up 10 kg ha-1 more N into the seed and 5 kg ha-1 more N into the straw than chickpea that was not inoculated. The amount of N fixed as a percentage of total N uptake was 15% for non-inoculated chickpea and 29% for inoculated chickpea, resulting in negative N balance regardless of cropping system. Increasing N fertilizer rates decreased NUE, with the rate of decrease being greater for non-inoculated chickpea compared with inoculated chickpea. We conclude that optimum productivity of chickpea can be achieved with application of effective Rhizobium inoculants, and that best N management practices must be adopted in the succeeding crops due to a large negative N balance after a chickpea crop.Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum, N fertilizer, N2 fixation, Rhizobium inoculants, N balance, nitrogen use efficiency, N uptake

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