scholarly journals Pervasive development disorder explained by the theory of executive dysfunction: Case study.

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-287
Author(s):  
Anna Martha Vaitses Fontanari ◽  
Vivian Denise Cazerta Vaitses
Keyword(s):  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Pervasive Development Disorder

scholarly journals A-068 Case Study: Neurodevelopment of Late Identification and Treatment of Nonsyndromic Multisutural Craniosynostosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-859
Author(s):  
Fleischer R ◽  
Chang V ◽  
Culotta V
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Receptive Language ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective Craniosynostosis, the premature closure of cranial sutures, is frequently associated with intracranial hypertension, neurocognitive deficits, and neuromotor deficits. Younger age at treatment is associated with improved outcomes. This case study will expand upon the existing literature by characterizing the neurodevelopment of an individual whose nonsyndromic multisutural craniosynostosis was identified and treated late, when the patient was nearly three years old. Method A 7-year, 1-month old male with a history of bicoronal and sagittal craniosynostosis was seen for neuropsychological assessment. Diagnosis and cranial vault reconstruction occurred just before his third birthday. Evidence of increased intracranial pressure was found on presurgical CT scan, and by the appearance of his dura at surgery. His development after reconstruction was notable for articulation disorder, expressive language disorder, executive dysfunction, and adaptive skills deficits. Results Assessment revealed average non-verbal cognitive skills and low average verbal cognitive skills. Receptive language was below average. Exceptionally low scores were found on tasks of oromotor sequencing, verbal list learning, and immediate visual memory. Teacher ratings of executive functioning suggest below average skills. Measures of attention and impulsivity suggest mild weaknesses. Academically, he earned below average and exceptionally low scores on measures of reading and writing, with low average to average mathematics scores. Conclusions The neurodevelopment of children with late diagnosis/treatment of craniosynostosis is not well characterized and may confer increased risks. Late diagnosis is presumed to lead to more significant neurocognitive impairments due to the impact of prolonged intracranial pressure. Neuropsychological assessment and follow-up is critical for monitoring and intervention planning.

scholarly journals Memory Profiles after Unilateral Paramedian Thalamic Stroke Infarction: A Comparative Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Carota ◽  
Herbert Neufeld ◽  
Pasquale Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Thalamic Stroke ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
The Right

We performed extensive neuropsychological assessment of two male patients (matched for age and educational level) with similar (localization and size) unilateral paramedian ischemic thalamic lesions (AB on the left and SD on the right). Both patients showed severe memory impairments as well as other cognitive deficits. In comparison to SD, AB showed severe impairment of executive functions and a more severe deficit of episodic/anterograde memory, especially in the verbal modality. The findings of this single case study suggest the possibility that the profile and severity of the executive dysfunction are determinant for the memory deficits and depend on from the side of the lesion. In addition to a material-side-specific (verbal versus visual) deficit hypothesis, the differential diencephalo-prefrontal contributions in mnestic-processing, in case of paramedian thalamic stroke, might also be explained in terms of their stage-specificity (encoding versus retrieval).

scholarly journals Diagnostic relevance of spatial orientation for vascular dementia: A case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Coughlan ◽  
Emma Flanagan ◽  
Stephen Jeffs ◽  
Maxime Bertoux ◽  
Hugo Spiers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Case Methods ◽  
Visuospatial Tasks ◽  
Spatial Test ◽  
Normal Performance

ABSTRACT Spatial orientation is emerging as an early and reliable cognitive biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology. However, no evidence exists as to whether spatial orientation is also affected in vascular dementia (VaD). Objective: To examine allocentric (map-based) and egocentric (viewpoint-based) spatial orientation in an early stage VaD case. Methods: A spatial test battery was administered following clinical and neuropsychological cognitive evaluation. Results: Despite the patient’s complaints, little evidence of episodic memory deficits were detected when cueing was provided to overcome executive dysfunction. Similarly, medial temporal lobe-mediated allocentric orientation was intact. By contrast, medial parietal-mediated egocentric orientation was impaired, despite normal performance on standard visuospatial tasks. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth investigation of spatial orientation deficits in VaD. Isolated egocentric deficits were observed. This differs from AD orientation deficits which encompass both allocentric and egocentric orientation deficits. A combination of egocentric orientation and executive function tests could serve as a promising cognitive marker for VaD pathophysiology.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

Culture and the plasticity of perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lifshitz ◽  
T. M. Luhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Povinelli ◽  
Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽  
Shannon L. Kuznar ◽  
Mateja Pavlic
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Reasoning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

Sociocultural memory development research drives new directions in gadgetry science

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Van Bergen ◽  
John Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

Abstract Sociocultural developmental psychology can drive new directions in gadgetry science. We use autobiographical memory, a compound capacity incorporating episodic memory, as a case study. Autobiographical memory emerges late in development, supported by interactions with parents. Intervention research highlights the causal influence of these interactions, whereas cross-cultural research demonstrates culturally determined diversity. Different patterns of inheritance are discussed.

Construction of plastic contact deformation maps on ceramics: a case study on aluminum nitride

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
D. L. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Perfectly Plastic ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Deformation Patterns

Modern polishing, precision machining and microindentation techniques allow the processing and mechanical characterization of ceramics at nanometric scales and within entirely plastic deformation regimes. The mechanical response of most ceramics to such highly constrained contact is not predictable from macroscopic properties and the microstructural deformation patterns have proven difficult to characterize by the application of any individual technique. In this study, TEM techniques of contrast analysis and CBED are combined with stereographic analysis to construct a three-dimensional microstructure deformation map of the surface of a perfectly plastic microindentation on macroscopically brittle aluminum nitride.The bright field image in Figure 1 shows a lg Vickers microindentation contained within a single AlN grain far from any boundaries. High densities of dislocations are evident, particularly near facet edges but are not individually resolvable. The prominent bend contours also indicate the severity of plastic deformation. Figure 2 is a selected area diffraction pattern covering the entire indentation area.

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