Real time PCR: a good tool to estimate mycotoxin contamination in pig diets

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Okorski ◽  
M. Polak-Śliwińska ◽  
K. Karpiesiuk ◽  
A. Pszczółkowska ◽  
W. Kozera
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Percentage Content ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination

Cereals and soybean are the main components of pig diets. Unfortunately, feed materials are often contaminated with fungi and their metabolites, which pose a potential threat to human and animal health. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of cultural methods and quantitative PCR for detecting fungi and their metabolites in pig diets, and to determine which plant components are responsible for mycotoxin contamination of feed. The presence of mycotoxin-producing fungi of the genera Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus and their metabolites was determined in pig diets with different inclusion levels of various cereals and transgenic soybean meal. Six farm-made complete diets containing locally produced feed materials and imported soybean meal were investigated. The presence of the following fungi in pig diets was determined by microscopic observations of fungal cultures and by qPCR: trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp. (Tri5 gene), Penicillium verrucosum (rRNA) and Aspergillus ochraceus (PKS gene). The concentrations of mycotoxins (ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA)), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin (T-2)) were analysed by HPLC. The results of the qPCR analysis demonstrated that the presence of DNA of mycotoxin-producing fungi and mycotoxins in pig diets was correlated with the inclusion levels of transgenic soybean meal and various cereals. The above correlation was validated by an analysis of Spearman’s rank correlation between the content of transgenic soybean meal and various cereals vs mycotoxin concentrations and the amount of DNA of toxin-producing fungi in pig diets. A significant positive correlation was found between: the percentage content of soybeans vs the concentrations of DON (R=0.93), trichothecenes (R=0.76) and T-2 (R=0.64), the percentage content of barley vs the concentrations of DON (R=0.50) and T-2 (R=0.49), the percentage content of triticale vs OTA levels (R=0.47), the percentage content of oats vs ZEA levels (0.50). A correlation was also noted between the percentage content of soybeans and the amount of DNA of trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp. (R=0.96). The results of this study indicate that pig diets are significantly contaminated with toxin-producing fungi and their metabolites, and that the quantification of DNA of mycotoxin-producing fungi is a reliable indicator of mycotoxin contamination of feed. Our findings can contribute to reducing the costs of analyses that should be routinely performed to minimise the entry of mycotoxins into the food chain.

Current Importance of Ochratoxin A–Producing Aspergillus spp.

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. ABARCA ◽  
F. ACCENSI ◽  
M. R. BRAGULAT ◽  
F. J. CABAÑES
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Aspergillus Ochraceus ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Food Commodities

Ochratoxin A (OA) is receiving attention worldwide because of the hazard it poses to human and animal health. OA contamination of commodities, such as cereals or pork and poultry meat, is well recognized. Nevertheless, there is an increasing number of articles reporting OA contamination in other food commodities, such as coffee, beer, wine, grape juice, and milk, in the last few years. This continuous and increasing exposure to OA that humans experience is reflected in the high incidence of OA in both human blood and milk in several countries. OA was believed to be produced only by Aspergillus ochraceus and closely related species of section Circumdati and by Penicillium verrucosum; however, in the genus Aspergillus, the production of OA has been recently reported by species outside the section Circumdati. Thus, it has been clearly established as a metabolite of different species of the section Nigri, such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius. OA production ability by Aspergillus spp. is more widespread than previously thought; therefore, there is the possibility that unexpected species can be new sources of this mycotoxin in their natural substrates.

scholarly journals Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Jonas Vandicke ◽  
Katrien De Visschere ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Siska Croubels ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Feed Analysis ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Silage Process

Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016–2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin contamination in maize triggered by arthropod pests and the related protection possibilities

2017 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Dávid Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Arthropod Pests

Mycotoxin contamination in harvested maize has increased in the last decades, which can be unequivocally back to the plant health troubles caused by global warming. The increasing of wounds in maize crops was occurred by climate change both on direct (hailstorm) and indirect(newly appeared pests) ways. In additional, the settling phytopathogenic microfungi on these plant wounds inflict serious human and animal health problems.The changing of Hungarian arthropod pests assemblages stand in the background of this dangerous nuisance complex. The spreading of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) bivoltine ecotype as well as the newly appeared adventive species [cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.), western corn rootworm (Diabrotica v. virgifera LeConte), fourspotted-sapbeetle (Glischrochilus quadrisignatus Say)] in Hungary can be responsible for this situation. In total, all technological elements, which obstruct the damage of these chewing mouthparts pests, as well as moderate the mechanical damage of maize, can be contribute to the reduction of both these phytopathogens injuries and mycotoxin contaminations.

scholarly journals Novel Approaches to Minimizing Mycotoxin Contamination

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Mar Rodríguez ◽  
Félix Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Novel Approaches

Contamination of foods and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic fungi is a concerning issue for human and animal health [...]

Comparison of monoclonal antibody performance characteristics for the detection of two representatives of A- and B-trichothecenes: T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Baumgartner ◽  
M. Führer ◽  
R. Krska
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Type B ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Line Selection ◽  
Immunological Test ◽  
Cell Line Selection

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi belonging mainly to the Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. They represent a relevant source of danger to human and animal health causing food- and feedborne intoxication. One group, produced by Fusarium spp., are the trichothecenes, of which T-2 toxin belongs to the type-A trichothecenes and deoxynivalenol to the type-B trichothecenes. As these mycotoxins are ubiquitous, the testing of products is required to keep our food and feed safe. For this purpose, sensitive and reliable tests are needed to detect contaminations. One detection possibility is an immunoanalytical based test which needs antibodies as reagents. Cell culture facilities allow cell line selection and production of monoclonal antibodies for further immunological test development. Especially for mycotoxins antibody development for further use in immunoassays is a crucial task. T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol specific monoclonal antibodies were developed and further characterised to test stability and solvent resistance properties. Especially cross-reactivities were determined to related mycotoxins also belonging to the trichothecene family, e.g. HT-2 toxin or 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol.

scholarly journals Comparative performance of broilers fed diets containing DAS-44406-6 and non-transgenic soybean meal

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1244-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabitha Papineni ◽  
Dale W. Fletcher ◽  
Gary L. Cromwell ◽  
Ricardo D. Ekmay
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Transgenic Soybean ◽  
Comparative Performance

scholarly journals In-Vitro Application of a Qatari Burkholderia cepacia strain (QBC03) in the Biocontrol of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and in the Reduction of Ochratoxin A biosynthesis by Aspergillus carbonarius

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randa Zeidan ◽  
Zahoor Ul-Hassan ◽  
Roda Al-Thani ◽  
Quirico Migheli ◽  
Samir Jaoua
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Culture Supernatant ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Penicillium Verrucosum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, causing human and animal health issues upon the ingestion of contaminated food and feed. Among the safest approaches to the control of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin detoxification is the application of microbial biocontrol agents. Burkholderia cepacia is known for producing metabolites active against a broad number of pathogenic fungi. In this study, the antifungal potential of a Qatari strain of Burkholderia cepacia (QBC03) was explored. QBC03 exhibited antifungal activity against a wide range of mycotoxigenic, as well as phytopathogenic, fungal genera and species. The QBC03 culture supernatant significantly inhibited the growth of Aspergillus carbonarius, Fusarium culmorum and Penicillium verrucosum in PDA medium, as well as A. carbonarius and P. verrucosum biomass in PDB medium. The QBC03 culture supernatant was found to dramatically reduce the synthesis of ochratoxin A (OTA) by A. carbonarius, in addition to inducing mycelia malformation. The antifungal activity of QBC03’s culture extract was retained following thermal treatment at 100 °C for 30 min. The findings of the present study advocate that QBC03 is a suitable biocontrol agent against toxigenic fungi, due to the inhibitory activity of its thermostable metabolites.

What about the 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins?

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jestoi ◽  
M. Kokkonen ◽  
S. Uhlig
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Natural Toxins ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Very High

Most Fusarium species are capable of producing mycotoxins that may cause adverse effects on human or animal health. The most commonly studied Fusarium mycotoxins include trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. However, it seems that nearly all of the most prevalent Fusarium species infecting grains are also capable of producing other toxic metabolites. The existing studies, although exiguous, have clearly demonstrated that other toxic metabolites of Fusarium spp. are also present in our foods and feeds, occasionally at very high levels. It is apparent that since mycotoxins, including these 'other' metabolites, are natural toxins, they cannot be completely eliminated from food and feed chains. However, scientific studies are needed to determine their true significance. Thus, the mechanism and level of toxicity as well as presence and concentration levels will have to be fully clarified. In this paper, we briefly review the prevalence of the dominant Fusarium species contaminating maize and small-grain cereals worldwide, and the current knowledge on the biological activity as well as the natural occurrence of their selected less-known toxic metabolites. Additionally, the significance of these 'other' Fusarium mycotoxins is discussed.

scholarly journals FumDSB Can Reduce the Toxic Effects of Fumonisin B1 by Regulating Several Brain-Gut Peptides in Both the Hypothalamus and Jejunum of Growing Pigs

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Quancheng Liu ◽  
Fuchang Li ◽  
Libo Huang ◽  
Wenjie Chen ◽  
Zhongyuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Food Borne

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most common food-borne mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species, posing a potential threat to human and animal health. Pigs are more sensitive to FB1 ingested from feed compared to other farmed livestock. Enzymatic degradation is an ideal detoxification method that has attracted much attention. This study aimed to explore the functional characteristics of the carboxylesterase FumDSB in growing pigs from the perspective of brain–gut regulation. A total of 24 growing pigs were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a basal diet, the FB1 group was supplemented with FB1 at 5 mg/kg feed, and the FumDSB group received added FumDSB based on the diet of the FB1 group. After 35 days of animal trials, samples from the hypothalamus and jejunum were analyzed through HE staining, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that the ingestion of FB1 can reduce the feed intake and weight gain of growing pigs, indicating that several appetite-related brain-gut peptides (including NPY, PYY, ghrelin and obestatin, etc.) play important roles in the anorexia response induced by FB1. After adding FumDSB as detoxifying enzymes, however, the anorexia effects of FB1 were alleviated, and the expression and distribution of the corresponding brain-gut peptides exhibited a certain degree of regulation. In conclusion, the addition of FumDSB can reduce the anorexia effects of FB1 by regulating several brain-gut peptides in both the hypothalamus and the jejunum of growing pigs.

scholarly journals Fish consumption and consumer awareness aspects of possible mycotoxin contamination in fish in Curitiba-PR, Southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-549
Author(s):  
Amanda Anater ◽  
Bruno Machuca Thon ◽  
Francisco Pizzolato Montanha ◽  
Saulo Henrique Weber ◽  
Deivid Roni Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Consumption ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Consumer Awareness ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Consumption Frequency ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

The global per capita consumption of fish reached a record of 20.5 kg in 2018, thus demonstrating the sector’s importance. A potential risk to consider when consuming fish is the indirect intake of mycotoxins by humans when consuming fish from intensive fish farming fed with potentially contaminated mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate fish consumption and consumer awareness of possible mycotoxin contamination in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. The information was obtained through a questionnaire applied at supermarkets in 5 different city regions, obtaining 358 respondents. Descriptive analysis was performed on the data, followed by Spearman’s correlation analysis between the responses. It was observed that demographic data (e.g., age, gender, and social class) significantly influenced fish consumption frequency. Thus, 64.80% of respondents preferred tilapia meat over other fish species, 89.91% of people are unaware of mycotoxins, and 93.95% of people do not know what damage mycotoxins cause in human and animal health, and 86.17% of people did not know about any disease related to fish consumption. Schooling had a significant correlation with the aforementioned issues, demonstrating that lower educational levels negatively influence the perception of illnesses caused by food. The most consumed fish is farm-raised tilapia and the consequent possibility of mycotoxin exposure. Respondents are unaware of the possible mycotoxin presence infish and their impact on human health.

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