scholarly journals Modelling climate change impacts on mycotoxin contamination

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
C. Liu ◽  
P. Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Thermophilic Fungi ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Climate Change Effects

Projected climate change effects will influence primary agricultural systems and thus food security, directly via impacts on yields, and indirectly via impacts on its safety, with mycotoxins considered as crucial hazards. Mycotoxins are produced by a wide variety of fungal species, each having their own characteristics and requirements. The geographic distribution of toxigenic fungi reflects their ecological needs, with thermophilic fungi prevalent at lower latitudes and psychrophiles at the higher latitudes. A resulting gradient of mycotoxin contamination has been repeatedly stressed. Changes in climatic conditions will lead to shifts in the fungal population and the mycotoxin patterns. In general, climate change is expected to increase mycotoxin contamination of crops, but due to the complexity of mycoflora associated to each crop and its interaction with the environment, it appears rash to draw conclusions without specific studies. Very recently first quantitative estimations of impacts of climate change on mycotoxin occurrence have been made. Two studies each applied models of different disciplines including climate projection, crop phenology and fungal/mycotoxin prediction to cereals cultivated in Europe. They were followed by a case study on climate change effects on Alternaria moulds and their mycotoxins in tomato. Results showed that DON contamination of wheat grown in Europe was, in general, expected to increase. However, variation was large, and in some years and some regions a decrease in DON contamination was expected. Regarding aflatoxin contamination of maize grown in Europe, an increase was estimated, mainly in the +2 °C scenario. Two main research gaps were identified related to the (limited) number of existing quantitative models taking into account climate change and their validation in limited areas. Efforts are therefore mandatory to be prepared for future changes and challenges on model validation and limited mycotoxin-crop combinations.

scholarly journals Climate Change Impacts Assessment on Wine-Growing Bioclimatic Transition Areas

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Alba Piña-Rey ◽  
Estefanía González-Fernández ◽  
María Fernández-González ◽  
Mª. Nieves Lorenzo ◽  
Fco. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Bioclimatic Indices ◽  
Northwestern Spain ◽  
The Mediterranean

Viticultural climatic indices were assessed for the evaluation of the meteorological variations in the requirements of wine cultivars. The applied bioclimatic indices have been widely used to provide an initial evaluation of climate change impacts on grapevine and to delineate wine regions and suitable areas for planting around the world. The study was carried out over a period of 16 years (from 2000 to 2015) in five Designation of Origin areas in Northwestern Spain located in the Eurosiberian region, the transition zone between the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean areas, and in the Mediterranean area. In addition, the high-resolution meteorological dataset “Spain02” was applied to the bioclimatic indices for the period 1950–2095. To further assess the performance of “Spain02”, Taylor diagrams were elaborated for the different bioclimatic indices. A significant trend to an increase of the Winkler, Huglin, Night Cold Index and GSS Indices was detected in the North-western Spain, whereas slight negative trends for BBLI and GSP Indices were observed. To analyze future projections 2061–2095, data from the high-resolution dynamically downscaled daily climate simulations from EURO-CORDEX project were used. To further assess the performance of Spain02, Taylor diagrams were elaborated for the different bioclimatic indices. A trend to an increase of the Winkler, Huglin, Night Cold Index and GSP Indices was detected in Northwestern Spain, whereas slight negative trends for BBLI and GSP Indices were observed. Our results showed that climatic conditions in the study region could variate for the crop in the future, more for Mediterranean than Eurosiberian bioclimatic area. Due to an advance in the phenological events or the vintage data, more alcohol-fortified wines and variations in the acidity level of wines could be expected in Northwestern Spain, these processes being most noticeable in the Mediterranean area. The projections for the BBLI and GSP Indices will induce a decrease in the pressure of the mildew attacks incidence in the areas located at the Eurosiberian region and the nearest transition zones. Projections showed if the trend of temperature increase continues, some cultural practice variations should be conducted in order to preserve the grape cultivation suitability in the studied area.

Agricultural Greenhouses in São Tomé and Príncipe

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Kiakisiki Quaresma Nascimento ◽  
Maria Raquel Raquel Lucas ◽  
Pedro Damião Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change

Since 2016, STP has been funding the implementation of greenhouses, viewed as a viable way to guarantee, increase, and diversify production; supply the market; improve farmers' incomes; and mitigate climate change impacts. The greenhouses in selected districts were based on farmers' experiences in horticultural production, available agricultural area, and capacity of rural communities to organize themselves into small farmers' cooperatives. There are also private greenhouse initiatives. This chapter analyzed the current situation of the STP greenhouse project and its socioeconomic contribution to rural communities, proposing actions for its improvement, addressing climate changes and poverty reduction. Despite several weaknesses, mainly linked to lack of knowledge and mastery of technology, greenhouse production represents a viable alternative for horticulture development. Greenhouses, properly exploited, are a mechanism to mitigate climate change effects and ensure an increase in income and consequently reduce poverty and improve individual and collective living conditions.

A preliminary survey of mycological and fumonisin and aflatoxin contamination of African traditional herbal medicines sold in South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 793-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Katerere ◽  
S Stockenström ◽  
KM Thembo ◽  
JP Rheeder ◽  
GS Shephard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi

Traditional medicine is an important aspect of healthcare delivery in South Africa and is used by at least 70% of the country’s population. The trade in medicinal plants is a multi-million rand business which is a major driver for rural economies. However, the conditions in which these plant products are transported and stored make them prone to fungal contamination which results in economic losses to the traders and pose potential health hazards to consumers. Of major concern is the possible presence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. This study assessed fungal and mycotoxin contamination of African herbal products sold in Cape Town and Tshwane (formerly Pretoria) in South Africa. Of the 16 samples analyzed, 15 were contaminated with at least one of these three fungal genera: Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Fumonisin B1 was present in 13 of the samples in quantities ranging from 14 to 139 μg/kg (detection limit 5 μg/kg). None of the samples was contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi or aflatoxin (detection limit 0.5 μg/kg). This is the first study to report on mycological and mycotoxin contamination of commercial traditional African medicines in South Africa. There is a need to expand the study to other urban centers to gain enough insight into this problem and then to intervene with measures that can protect the public from potential harm.

scholarly journals How to make progress in projecting climate change impacts

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. L. Cheung ◽  
Daniel Pauly ◽  
Jorge L. Sarmiento
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Scientific Modelling ◽  
Maximum Body ◽  
Abundant Data ◽  
Maximum Body Size

Abstract Cheung, W. W. L., Pauly, D., and Sarmiento, J. L. 2013. How to make progress in projecting climate change impacts. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1069–1074. Scientific modelling has become a crucial tool for assessing climate change impacts on marine resources. Brander et al. criticize the treatment of reliability and uncertainty of such models, with specific reference to Cheung et al. (2013, Nature Climate Change, 3: 254–258) and their projections of a decrease in maximum body size of marine fish under climate change. Here, we use the specific criticisms of Brander et al. (2013, ICES Journal of Marine Science) on Cheung et al. (2013) as examples to discuss ways to make progress in scientific modelling in marine science. We address the technical criticisms by Brander et al., then their more general comments on uncertainty. The growth of fish is controlled and limited by oxygen, as documented in a vast body of peer-reviewed literature that elaborates on a robust theory based on abundant data. The results from Cheung et al. were obtained using published, reproducible and peer-reviewed methods, and the results agree with the empirical data; the key assumptions and uncertainties of the analysis were stated. These findings can serve as a step towards improving our understanding of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. We suggest that, as in other fields of science, it is important to develop incrementally (or radically) new approaches and analyses that extend, and ultimately improve, our understanding and projections of climate change effects on marine ecosystems.

scholarly journals Climate Change Effects? Compelling Evidence from Data, Farmers and Artisans’ Perception in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Ozabor Famous ◽  
Wodu Douye ◽  
Pere-ere xxx ◽  
Okoh Ikechukwu Emmanuel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

This study assessed climate change in Warri, by looking at the evidence from archival records and the perception of the locals regarding same topic. The dangers of ‘not knowing’ about the phenomenon of climate change motivated this study. Also, the impacts of climate change have become rampant in the area. The inquiry was pursued using ex-post facto and survey research designs were used for the study and the Nigerian Meteorological Agency was consulted for rainfall and temperature data, while questionnaire was used to solicit information from respondents. Analyses were carried out using linear regressions. Established in the study is that, there is climate change in the area and its manifestations are in flooding, increased frequency of rainfall, poor crop yield etc. On the premise of findings, the study recommended proper climate education, harnessing ICT for mitigating climate change impacts and more inquiry into climate change milieu in the area by looking at the seasonality, onset and cessation of rains and other climate parameters.

scholarly journals SWAT BASED ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT IN THENPENNAI SUB-BASIN OF SOUTH INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-5 ◽  
pp. 557-562
Author(s):  
K. Nivedita Priyadarshini ◽  
S. A. Rahaman ◽  
S. Nithesh Nirmal ◽  
R. Jegankumar ◽  
P. Masilamani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil And Water

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Climate change impacts on watershed ecosystems and hydrologic processes are complex. The key significant parameters responsible for balancing the watershed ecosystems are temperature and rainfall. Though these parameters are uncertain, they play a prime role in the projections of dimensional climate change studies. The impact of climate change is more dependent on temperature and precipitation which contributes at a larger magnitude for characterising global warming issues. This paper aims to forecast the variations of temperature and precipitation during the period of 2020&amp;ndash;2050 for the northern part of Thenpennar sub basin. This study is modelled using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) &amp;ndash; a scale model developed to predict the impact of changes that occurs in land, soil and water over a period of time. This study is validated using the base period from 1980&amp;ndash;2000 which shows the distribution of rainfall and temperature among 38 watersheds. The results from this study show that there is a decrease in the rainfall for a maximum of about 20% in the month of December during the predicted period of 2020 and 2050. This study assesses the possible adverse impact of climate change on temperature and precipitation of Thenpennai sub-basin. This kind of predictions will help the government agencies, rulers and decision makers in policy making and implementing the adaptation strategies for the changing climatic conditions.</p>

scholarly journals Toxigenic fungal and mycotoxin contamination of maize samples from different districts in Serbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Milos Lukic ◽  
Nenad Micic ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Spp

This study was carried out in order to investigate the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and levels of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the maize stored immediately after harvesting in 2016 and used for animal feed in Serbia. A total of 22 maize samples were collected from four different districts across the country: City of Belgrade (nine samples), Sumadija (eight samples), Podunavlje (four samples) and Kolubara (one sample). Toxigenic fungi were identified according to the morphological characteristics whereas the mycotoxins contamination were detected using biochemistry enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent (ELISA) assay. The tested samples were mostly infected with Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp., except that one sample originated from Kolubara was not contaminated with Aspergillus species. Fusarium graminearum was the most common species in the maize sample from Kolubara district (60%), F. verticillioides in the maize samples from Podunavlje (43.75%) and City of Belgrade (22.4%) districts, and Penicillium spp. in the maize samples from Sumadija district (26.38%). In the analysed maize samples the presence of Aspergillus species was low (0-1.78%). Mycotoxicological analysis revealed the presence of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in all the investigated samples, except that DON and AFB1 were not recorded in the samples from Podunavlje and Kolubara districts, respectively. The investigated samples were highly contaminated with ZEA, with incidence of 100% for the samples from Sumadija, Podunavlje and Kolubara districts and 88.89% for the samples from City of Belgrade district. In addition, the samples contamination with DON was 100% and 22.2% for the samples from Sumadija, Kolubara and City of Belgrade, districts, respectively. The highest number of AFB1 positive samples was found in Sumadija district (87.5%), while in the City of Belgrade and Podunavlje districts, 55.56% and 50% AFB1 positive samples were established, respectively. Generally, remarkable infection of all the tested samples with toxigenic fungal species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera were recorded. In addition, high contamination with mycotoxins ZEA, DON and AFB1 were also recorded; nevertheless, only in one sample the level of DON exceeded the allowed legal limit (1750 ?g kg-1) according to Regulation for unprocessed maize. Therefore, permanent mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of maize grain are necessary for risk assessment of fungal and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain.

Managing climate change adaptation in oil and gas production

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Paul van der Beeke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Operational Life

Oil and gas production operations occur in widely diverse onshore and offshore contexts. The global industry has a long history of coping with climate variability, extreme climatic conditions and extreme weather events. Climate change, however, is projected to take the new climate beyond the range of historical variability in many places where oil and gas production facilities are located. Oil and gas infrastructure often has an expected operational life of 50 years or more, which would take new operations to 2064 and beyond. This is well inside the timeframe predicted for substantial climate change with consequent risks to longer term operational continuity and supply chain security. In recent years, the realities of climate change beyond pre-industrial age historical variability, and the associated business risks, have become accepted by the major global oil and gas industry players. Other stakeholders, including corporate, institutional and private investors and corporate regulators, are also becoming more assertive in their demands for corporate disclosure of climate change risks, adaptation management plans and evidence of effective implementation of adaptive measures. Industry decision-makers need scientifically sound and robust data applied to their specific operations and business conditions to support business case-based investment decisions for new project feasibility, capital and operational expenditure, and the management of long-term strategic liabilities. This extended abstract provides an overview of the complex and interconnected web of climate change effects that should be considered. It also outlines approaches that could be employed to manage the risks and meet stakeholder expectations.

Modelling climatic impacts on ice-jam floods: a review of current models, modelling capabilities, challenges, and future prospects.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apurba Das ◽  
Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Climatic Impacts ◽  
Current Modelling

River ice is an important hydraulic and hydrological component of many rivers in the high northern latitudes of the world. It controls the hydraulic characteristics of streamflow, affects the geomorphology of channels, and can cause flooding due to ice-jam formation during ice-cover freeze-up and breakup periods. In recent decades, climate change has considerably altered ice regimes, affecting the severity of ice-jam flooding. Although many approaches have been developed to model river ice regimes and the severity of ice jam flooding, appropriate methods that account for impacts of the future climate on ice-jam flooding have not been well established. Therefore, the main goals of this study are to review the current knowledge of climate change impacts on river ice processes and to assess the current modelling capabilities to determine the severity of ice jams under future climatic conditions. Finally, a conceptual river ice-jam modelling approach is presented for incorporating climate change impacts on ice jams.

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