A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part I – Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Sprong ◽  
L. de Wit-Bos ◽  
M.J. Zeilmaker ◽  
M. Alewijn ◽  
J.J.M. Castenmiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Composite Samples

A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study (mTDS) allowing assessment of occurrence and dietary exposure to these substances was developed and carried out in the Netherlands in 2013. First, literature was searched to establish the occurrence profile of mycotoxins. Next, foods as consumed according to the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys (DNFCS) for young children and persons aged 7-69 years, categorised in several food categories, were ranked according to their summed consumption. Subsequently, foods with the highest consumptions were included to cover >85% of the consumption of a particular food category. In some cases, foods other than those contributing to the upper 85% consumption within a food category were included based on their expected high mycotoxin contamination. In some other cases, foods not contributing to mycotoxin exposure were excluded. This resulted in 130 foods to be included in this mTDS. Since a sample size of 12 was established per food, 1,560 food items were purchased for the population aged 7-69 years. Fifty seven additional food items were purchased to take into account the different consumption profile of young children. The 1,617 food items were prepared as consumed based on information available in the food consumption surveys. The prepared food items were combined according to the different consumption forms of the 130 selected foods (e.g. fresh, canned or frozen). This resulted in 213 subsamples, which were proportionally to their consumption further pooled into 88 composite samples. These composite samples covered 87 and 88% of the amount foods consumed by young children and the population aged 7-69 years, respectively. This design allows analysis of mycotoxin occurrence and the subsequent exposure assessment using aggregated food categories reflected by the 88 composite samples, as well as a more refined approach by analysing 213 subsamples.

A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part II – occurrence

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. López ◽  
T. de Rijk ◽  
R.C. Sprong ◽  
M.J.B. Mengelers ◽  
J.J.M. Castenmiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Mycophenolic Acid ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Breakfast Cereals ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Composite Samples

The occurrence of 59 natural toxins was determined in 88 composite food and drink samples of a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study performed in the Netherlands in 2013. Composite food samples were prepared by pooling foods from a food category (as consumed, e.g. peeled, cooked, etc.) according to their consumption by population groups in the Netherlands. A multi-targeted method based on QuEChERs extraction, dilute and shoot and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the 88 composite samples. Dedicated methods with lower detection limits for patulin, aflatoxins and trichothecenes were also applied to specific food types. Thirty samples (34%) were positive for one or more mycotoxins. Patulin, aflatoxin M1, zearalenone and plant toxins, with the exception of scopolamine in liquorice, were not detected in any of the composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 was only detected, but not at quantifiable levels, in the composites that contained peanuts. Fumonisin B1 was only found at 18 μg/kg in breakfast cereals consumed by the population group of 7-69 years, whereas ochratoxin A occurred at low levels around 1 μg/kg in liquorice, legumes and coffee. Grains and grain-based food composites were positive for ergot alkaloids, enniatins B and B1 and deoxynivalenol (DON). The levels of DON in the positive samples were lower compared to other studies, with the exception of breakfast cereals for infants with a DON concentration of 116 μg/kg. This specific composite sample may have contained an ingredient with a concentration exceeding the maximum legal limit of 200 μg/kg. Alternaria toxins (alternariol and alternariol methyl ether) were detected at levels ranging from 1.0 to 8.9 μg/kg in a number of composite samples, including tomato products, nuts, cereal products, chocolate and wine. Mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C cooccurred in mould-ripened cheese composites, while mycophenolic acid also was found in dried fruit and liquorice composite samples.

A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part III – exposure and risk assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Sprong ◽  
L. de Wit-Bos ◽  
J.D. te Biesebeek ◽  
M. Alewijn ◽  
P. Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study

In a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study (mTDS) performed in the autumn and winter of 2013 in the Netherlands, 48 mycotoxins, including patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, beauvericin and enniatins, were quantified. Analyses were performed in 88 composite samples representative for the consumption pattern of the Dutch population. This article presents the results of the exposure assessment and subsequent risk assessment of these mycotoxins. Exposure was assessed by combining individual food consumption data obtained from the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys (DNFCS) for young children aged 2-6 years and the population aged 7-69 years with the analytical results of the mTDS, using a lower bound and an upper bound scenario for levels below the limit of detection. Wherever possible, exposure estimates were compared with toxicological reference values, including health-based guidance values. The high level of exposure (95th percentile) exceeded the toxicological reference value regardless of the substitution scenario for ochratoxin A in the population aged 7-69 years, for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins for children aged 2-6 years and for alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in both examined populations. The margin of exposure was too small for aflatoxin B1. For the remaining 23 mycotoxins with a toxicological reference value, the estimated exposure was below this level.

scholarly journals Dietary intake of protein and fat of 12- to 36-month-old children in a Dutch Total Diet Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemieke Maria Pustjens ◽  
Jacqueline Jozefine Maria Castenmiller ◽  
Jan Dirk te Biesebeek ◽  
Polly Ester Boon
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Group 12 ◽  
Food Consumption Survey ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study

Abstract Purpose This study attempted gaining insight into the intake of protein and fat of 12- to 36-month-old children in the Netherlands. Methods In 2017, a Total Diet Study (TDS) was carried out in the Netherlands including following three age groups: 12–17-, 18–23- and 24- to 36-month-old children. Protein and fat concentrations of 164 composite samples were analysed and combined with the consumption data from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016 (DNFCS). Results Median protein intake of the 12- to 35-month-old Dutch children based on the TDS was 35 g/day with main contributions from the food subgroups “milk and milk-based beverages”, “beef” and “yoghurts and desserts”. Median fat intake was 34 g/day with main contributions from the food subgroups “margarines”, “cheeses” and “milk and milk-based beverages”. For the youngest age group (12- to 18-month-old children), (ready to drink) follow-on formula was one of the main contributors to the fat intake. Conclusion Compared to the EFSA reference values, protein intake of the Dutch 12- to 36-month-old children is high, whereas fat intake follows the reference intake. A TDS is a suitable instrument to estimate macronutrient intakes.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in the Czech Population: A Comparison with Dietary Reference Values, Main Food Sources Identified by a Total Diet Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svatava Bischofova ◽  
Marcela Dofkova ◽  
Jitka Blahova ◽  
Radek Kavrik ◽  
Jana Nevrla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Czech Population ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study

The usual dietary intake of vitamin D was studied in 10 subgroups of the Czech population. Food consumption data was collected using repeated 24 h recall in a national cross-sectional survey (the Study of Individual Food Consumption, SISP04), and the vitamin D content in marketed foods was quantified within the national Total Diet Study (2014–2015). The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment computational model (version MCRA 8.2) was used to assess usual intake. The median vitamin D intakes for the Czech population (aged 4–90 years, both genders) were within a range of 2.5–5.1 μg/day. The highest median intake, excluding dietary supplements, was observed in men aged 18–64, and the lowest was observed in children aged 4–6 and girls aged 11–17. The main sources in the diet were hen eggs (21–28% of usual dietary intake), fine bakery wares (11–19%), cow’s milk and dairy products (7–23%), meat and meat products (4–12%), fish (6–20%), and margarines (7–18%). The dietary intake of vitamin D for more than 95% of the Czech population was below the recommended Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). These findings should encourage public health authorities to support interventions and education and implement new regulatory measures for improving intake.

Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Naphthalene in the Composite Food Samples from the 2011 Canadian Total Diet Study in Ottawa

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 2163-2171 ◽  
Author(s):  
XU-LIANG CAO ◽  
TARA HIERLIHY ◽  
SVETLANA POPOVIC ◽  
BOB DABEKA
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Composite Samples

A method based on isotope dilution headspace solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, was developed for the determination of naphthalene in foods. Optimum method sensitivity was achieved by the addition of NaCl in water at saturation and with the sample solution incubated at 30°C for 15 min. The method had good repeatability, with relative standard deviations of 3.5 and 1.5% at 5 and 30 ng/ml, respectively. This method was used to determine naphthalene in 159 food composite samples collected from the 2011 Canadian Total Diet Study. Naphthalene was detected in 93 (58.9%) food composite samples, mostly in products of meat and cereal, fast food, and miscellaneous foods. Among the 93 samples, only 51 (54.8%) samples were found to contain naphthalene at levels above 1 ng/g, with a maximum of 35 ng/g found in the herbs and spices composite sample. Method detection limits, estimated for each one of the food composite samples by using the lower-abundance ion m/z 127, varied considerably because of the matrix effect, ranging from as low as 0.0022 ng/g for water to as high as 16 ng/g for fatty sample, with an average of 1.6 ng/g.

Pesticide, Heavy Metal, and Other Chemical Residues in Infant and Toddler Total Diet Samples. (IV). October 1977–September 1978

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
David S Podrebarac
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Market Basket ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study

Abstract The Food and Drug Administration has conducted the Total Diet Study since 1964. The program originally focused on the average total diet of the young adult male but was eventually expanded to include the average total diets of infants and toddlers. This report is the fourth in the infant and toddler series and represents residues found in market basket samples, i.e., items comprising the average 2-week diet of infants and toddlers, collected in 10 different cities throughout 4 geographic areas of the United States from October 1977 through September 1978. The results are based on analyses of food composites representing 11 food classes into which all the food items were separated. Averages and ranges are reported for residues of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and selected metals and industrial chemicals. Recovery results are also included for various representative compounds added to a variety of food classes. The results for the adult market basket samples for the same reporting period are presented in a separate report.

scholarly journals Dietary exposure to pesticide residues and associated health risks in infants and young children – Results of the French infant total diet study

2020 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 105529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Nougadère ◽  
Véronique Sirot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Cravedi ◽  
Paule Vasseur ◽  
Cyril Feidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Pesticide, Metal, and Other Chemical Residues in Adult Total Diet Samples. (XIII). August 1976–September 1977

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D Johnson ◽  
Dennis D Manske ◽  
Dallas H New ◽  
David S Podrebarac
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Market Basket ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study

Abstract The Food and Drug Administration has conducted the Total Diet Study since 1964. The program originally focused on the average total diet of the young adult male but was eventually expanded to include the average total diets of infants and toddlers. This report is the fourth in the infant and toddler series and represents residues found in market basket samples, i.e., items comprising the average 2-week diet of infants and toddlers, collected in 10 different cities throughout 4 geographic areas of the United States from October 1977 through September 1978. The results are based on analyses of food composites representing 11 food classes into which all the food items were separated. Averages and ranges are reported for residues of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and selected metals and industrial chemicals. Recovery results are also included for various representative compounds added to a variety of food classes. The results for the adult market basket samples for the same reporting period are presented in a separate report.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Fresh Vegetables, Fruits, and Other Selected Food Items in Belgium, 1991-1993

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Dejonckheere ◽  
Walter Steurbaut ◽  
Sabine Drieghe ◽  
Roland Verstraeten ◽  
Hans Braeckman
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Coffee Drinking ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Belgian Population ◽  
Diet Study

Abstract To estimate the exposure of the Belgian population to food contaminated with pesticide residues andto determine what pesticides people are actually consuming, a total diet study—individual approach—was performed. Fourteen kinds of fruits, 22 kinds of vegetables, and 7 other food items (coffee, drinking water, rice, tea, wine, bran, and wheat flour) were selected as major representatives of the Belgian diet. During the 2 years of study (April 1991- March 1993), about 3698 samples were analyzed and 21 163 analyses were performed. The first part of this study demonstrates that no residues are found in 31.3% of leafy vegetables, 72.3% of other vegetables, 51.4% of fruits, and 67.2% of other samples. In particular cases, some critical situations still exist, especially for leafy vegetables. Also, contamination of foreign samples is not easy to determine, because origins are not always traceable.

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