Survey on aflatoxin in beer sold in Spain and other European countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Burdaspal ◽  
T.M. Legarda
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita

Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were surveyed in 417 beer samples purchased from the retail market in Spain (n=336), France (n=49), Portugal (n=15), Ireland (n=11) and Italy (n=6) in the period 2006-2012. In addition, 4 samples were acquired from Ghana and one from Israel. The analytical procedure was based on immunoaffinity clean-up and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Aflatoxin was detected in 72.6% of the samples acquired in the Spanish market and in 182 out of 200 samples brewed in Spain with levels ranging from 0.08 to 36.12 ng/l for all four aflatoxins. The mean and median values of positive samples were estimated to be 3.51 and 2.07 ng/l, respectively, for samples acquired in Spain and 3.82 and 2.60 ng/l, respectively, for samples brewed in Spain. The mean and median values for the group of imported beers were 2.64 and 0.51 ng/l, respectively. Regarding the whole group of beers from European countries (417 samples), the incidence of positive samples was 64.7% with concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 45.18 ng/l for total aflatoxins with mean and median values of 3.47 and 1.82 ng/l, respectively. The overall median concentrations of aflatoxins in the samples of beers produced in Spain were 2.27-2.32 ng/l and for the whole group of European beers 0.43-0.62 ng/l (lower bound - upper bound). The median values obtained in this study for aflatoxin in beers consumed in Spain would result in an intake of approx. 97-112 pg/per capita/day, which represents a very small fraction (approx. 0.5% in a worst-case scenario) of the estimated average exposure to total aflatoxins.

scholarly journals Projected declines in global DHA availability for human consumption as a result of global warming

AMBIO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie M. Colombo ◽  
Timothy F. M. Rodgers ◽  
Miriam L. Diamond ◽  
Richard P. Bazinet ◽  
Michael T. Arts
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential, omega-3, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that is a key component of cell membranes and plays a vital role in vertebrate brain function. The capacity to synthesize DHA is limited in mammals, despite its critical role in neurological development and health. For humans, DHA is most commonly obtained by eating fish. Global warming is predicted to reduce the de novo synthesis of DHA by algae, at the base of aquatic food chains, and which is expected to reduce DHA transferred to fish. We estimated the global quantity of DHA (total and per capita) currently available from commercial (wild caught and aquaculture) and recreational fisheries. The potential decrease in the amount of DHA available from fish for human consumption was modeled using the predicted effect of established global warming scenarios on algal DHA production and ensuing transfer to fish. We conclude that an increase in water temperature could result, depending on the climate scenario and location, in a ~ 10 to 58% loss of globally available DHA by 2100, potentially limiting the availability of this critical nutrient to humans. Inland waters show the greatest potential for climate-warming-induced decreases in DHA available for human consumption. The projected decrease in DHA availability as a result of global warming would disproportionately affect vulnerable populations (e.g., fetuses, infants), especially in inland Africa (due to low reported per capita DHA availability). We estimated, in the worst-case scenario, that DHA availability could decline to levels where 96% of the global population may not have access to sufficient DHA.

scholarly journals Amphenicols stability in medicated feed – development and validation of liquid chromatography method

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Jerzy Pietro ◽  
Aneta Woźniak ◽  
Katarzyna Pasik ◽  
Wojciech Cybulski ◽  
Dorota Krasucka
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Feed Samples

Abstract A liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method for the determination of florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TAP) in feeds is presented. The method comprises the extraction of analytes from the matrix with a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile, drying of the extract, and its dissolution in phosphate buffer. The analysis was performed with a gradient programme of the mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and buffer (pH = 7.3) on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) analytical column with UV (λ = 220 nm) detection. The analytical procedure has been successfully adopted and validated for quantitative determination of florfenicol and thiamphenicol in feed samples. Sensitivity, specificity, linearity, repeatability, and intralaboratory reproducibility were included in the validation. The mean recovery of amphenicols was 93.5% within the working range of 50-4000 mg/kg. Simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol, which is banned in the feed, was also included within the same procedure of FF and TAP stability studies. Storing the medicated feed at room temperature for up to one month decreased concentration in the investigated drugs even by 45%. These findings are relevant to successful provision of therapy to animals.

scholarly journals The Clinical and Economic Value of a Successful Shutdown During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afschin Gandjour
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Health Gain ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Base Case ◽  
German Population ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Herd Protection ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

Background and aim: A shutdown of businesses enacted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic can serve different goals, e.g., preventing the intensive care unit (ICU) capacity from being overwhelmed ("flattening the curve") or keeping the reproduction number substantially below one ("squashing the curve"). The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and economic value of a shutdown that is successful in "flattening" or "squashing the curve" in Germany. Methods: In the base case, the study compared a successful shutdown to a worst-case scenario with no ICU capacity left to treat COVID-19 patients. To this end, a decision model was developed using, e.g., information on age-specific fatality rates, ICU outcomes, and the herd protection threshold. The value of an additional life year was borrowed from new, innovative oncological drugs, as cancer reflects a condition with a similar morbidity and mortality burden in the general population in the short term as COVID-19. Results: A shutdown that is successful in "flattening the curve" is projected to yield an average health gain between 0.02 and 0.08 life years (0.2 to 0.9 months) per capita in the German population. The corresponding economic value ranges between 1543 and 8027 euros per capita or, extrapolated to the total population, 4% to 19% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019. A shutdown that is successful in "squashing the curve" is expected to yield a minimum health gain of 0.10 life years (1.2 months) per capita, corresponding to 24% of the GDP in 2019. Results are particularly sensitive to mortality data and the prevalence of undetected cases.

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut products determined by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

2013 ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska ◽  
Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu ◽  
Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovic ◽  
Risto Uzunov ◽  
Pavle Sekulovski
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Immunoaffinity Column ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Results

Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using immunoaffinity column clean-up was a method described for determination of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) in peanuts and peanut based products. The validation of the procedure was performed. Good coefficient of correlation was found for all aflatoxins in the range of 0.9993-0.9999. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.003-0.005 mg/kg and 0.009-0.023 mg/kg, respectively, which was acceptable. The mean recovery for total aflatoxins was 88.21%. The method also showed acceptable precision values in the range of 0.171-2.626% at proposed concentration levels for all four aflatoxins. RSDR values (within laboratory reproducibility) calculated from the results showed good correlation between two analysts for all aflatoxins and they ranged from 4.93-11.87%. The developed method was applied for the determination of aflatoxins in 27 samples of peanuts and peanut based products. The results showed that 21 peanut samples (77.7%) were below LOD of the method. Three samples had positive results over the MRL. There was one extreme value recorded for the total aflatoxins in peanut (289.2 mg/kg) and two peanut based products, peanut snack and peanut, with total content of aflatoxins being 16.3 mg/kg and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that the procedure was suitable for the de?termination of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut based products and it could be implemented for the routine analysis.

scholarly journals Occurrence and reduction of F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes as indicators of human norovirus at a wastewater treatment plant

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suntae Lee ◽  
Mamoru Suwa ◽  
Hiroyuki Shigemura
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs) have been suggested as good indicators of the presence of human enteric viruses in water treatment facilities. The occurrence and reduction of norovirus (NoV) and FRNAPH genotypes in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been well studied; however, the relationship between these genotypes in WWTPs has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the occurrence and reduction of FRNAPH genotypes in an attempt to identify NoV indicators in a WWTP via a 1-year survey. All FRNAPH and NoV genotypes were detected in WWTP influents at high rates (71–100%), including the infectious FRNAPH genotype IV (GIV), which has been rarely detected in previous studies. The reductions of FRNAPH GII and NoV GII during wastewater treatment indicated a relationship between the two (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), and the mean values were not significantly different. These results suggested that FRNAPH GII could be used as an appropriate indicator of NoV GII during wastewater treatment. FRNAPH GI was also found to be an appropriate indicator of viral reduction because of its high resistance to wastewater treatment compared with the other FRNAPH and NoV genotypes; therefore, it can be considered as a worst-case scenario organism.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF NON-COOPERATIVE ROUTING OVER PARALLEL NON-OBSERVABLE QUEUES

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Brun
Keyword(s):  
Autonomic Computing ◽  
Price Of Anarchy ◽  
Service Discipline ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Selfish Behavior ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Computer Services ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Autonomic computing is emerging as a significant new approach to the design of computer services. Its goal is the development of services that are able to manage themselves with minimal direct human intervention, and, in particular, are able to sense their environment and to tune themselves to meet end-user needs. However, the impact on performance of the interaction between multiple uncoordinated self-optimizing services is not yet well understood. We present some recent results on a non-cooperative load-balancing game which help to better understand the result of this interaction. In this game, users generate jobs of different services, and the jobs have to be processed on one of the servers of a computing platform. Each service has its own dispatcher which probabilistically routes jobs to servers so as to minimize the mean processing cost of its own jobs. We first investigate the impact of heterogeneity in the amount of incoming traffic routed by dispatchers and present a result stating that, for a fixed amount of total incoming traffic, the worst-case overall performance occurs when each dispatcher routes the same amount of traffic. Using this result we then study the so-called Price of Anarchy (PoA), an oft-used worst-case measure of the inefficiency of non-cooperative decentralized architectures. We give explicit bounds on the PoA for cost functions representing the mean delay of jobs when the service discipline is PS or SRPT. These bounds indicate that significant performance degradations can result from the selfish behavior of self-optimizing services. In practice, though, the worst-case scenario may occur rarely, if at all. Some recent results suggest that for the game under consideration the PoA is an overly pessimistic measure that does not reflect the performance obtained in most instances of the problem.

scholarly journals Analysis of ochratoxin A in malt beverage samples using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 520-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maham ◽  
V. Kiarostami ◽  
S. Waqif-Husain ◽  
R. Karami-Osboo ◽  
M. Mirabolfathy
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Beverage Samples ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Liquid Microextraction

A simple and economic procedure based on dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been applied to extract and pre-concentrate trace levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in malt beverage prior to analysis using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The method was based on the formation of fine droplets of a water-immiscible extraction solvent in the sample solution using a water-miscible disperser solvent. The influences of various parameters such as the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, centrifuging time, sonication time, and salt concentration on the extraction efficiency of ochratoxin A were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the relative standard deviations for five replicates of 2 ng/ml of OTA were 3.4% as within-day and 6.2% as between-day precisions. The detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.1 ng/ml and the mean recoveries of OTA from malt beverage samples at spiking levels of 0.5, 2, and 4 ng/ml were in the range of 104–108.2%.

Occurrence of Patulin in Organic, Conventional, and Handcrafted Apple Juices Marketed in Belgium

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1371-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATLEEN BAERT ◽  
BRUNO DE MEULENAER ◽  
ANALICE KAMALA ◽  
CHITUNDU KASASE ◽  
FRANK DEVLIEGHERE
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Uv Detection ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The aim of this research was to compare the occurrence of patulin in a large group of organic, conventional, and handcrafted apple juices marketed in Belgium. An analytical procedure based on high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was validated and used to analyze 177 apple juice samples: 65 organic, 90 conventional, and 22 handcrafted. Patulin was detected in 22 samples (12%), and quantification was possible in 10 (6%) of these samples. The patulin content was higher than the European legal limit of 50 μg/liter in two samples of organic apple juice. Although, the incidence of patulin in organic (12%), conventional (13%), and handcrafted (10%) apple juices was not significantly different (P = 0.863), the mean concentration of patulin in contaminated samples was significantly higher in organic (43.1 μg/liter) than in conventional (10.2 μg/liter) (P = 0.02) and handcrafted (10.5 μg/liter) (P = 0.037) apple juice. The highest patulin concentrations were found in the most expensive apple juices because of the higher price of organic apple juice. This relation was not observed when only conventional apple juices were analyzed.

scholarly journals Measurement of Pyruvate in Blood by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W Wulkan ◽  
Renée Verwers ◽  
Marjolein Neele ◽  
Mart J Mantel
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽  
The Mean

Accurate measurement of pyruvate is particularly important in the detection of mitochondrial enzyme disorders. We describe a simple high-performance liquid chromatography assay for pyruvate with derivatization and fluorescence detection. Between-run variation is below 4·5% and the method is linear between 1 and 1200μmol/L. The mean recovery is 101%. After sample pretreatment, the calculated pyruvate concentration proved to be stable for 15 days when samples were kept at −20°C.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Grajewski ◽  
Robert Kosicki ◽  
Magdalena Twarużek ◽  
Anna Błajet-Kosicka
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Beer Consumption ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
The Mean

Poland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8–1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0–7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1–6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14–21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between “scenarios” in the HT-2 case (mean—5.0–7.5% of TDI; maximum—6.5–9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.

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