Effect of the traditional cooking practice on fumonisin content of maize porridge consumed in the former Transkei region of South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.S. Shephard ◽  
J.P. Rheeder ◽  
L. van der Westhuizen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Rural District ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Maize Kernels

Fumonisin exposure in the rural district of Centane, former Transkei region of South Africa, has largely been determined from surveys of fumonisin levels in home-grown maize kernels collected from household storage cribs, rather than from the traditional cooked dishes. In this current study, five samples of home-grown maize kernels were ground in the conventional manner of the district, i.e. without separation of any kernel components. The contamination levels of total fumonisins (FB1+FB2+FB3) in the resultant meals ranged from 2.130 to 13.27 mg/kg. In each of two separate villages, five volunteer householders each cooked a portion of one of the maize meals into a traditional porridge. The resultant ten porridges were subsequently analysed for fumonisins by HPLC. The mean decrease in total fumonisin levels, based on a dry weight basis and corrected for recovery, was 11.3% (standard deviation 6.9%), confirming that preparation of traditional porridge has only a limited effect on fumonisin exposure in this population.

scholarly journals Phenotype and Treatment of Breast Cancer in HIV-Positive and -Negative Women in Cape Town, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizanne Langenhoven ◽  
Pieter Barnardt ◽  
Alfred I. Neugut ◽  
Judith S. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Systemic Chemotherapy ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv Negative

Purpose An estimated 5.9 million people in South Africa are infected with HIV. Because antiretroviral therapy has made infection with HIV a treatable, chronic condition, HIV-infected individuals are now surviving to middle and older age. We investigated the implications of HIV status for breast cancer in South Africa. Methods We compared clinical and demographic characteristics of women newly diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, from January 2010 to December 2011 by HIV status. We then compared HIV-positive patients with HIV-negative controls, matched 2:1 on age and ethnicity, with respect to chemotherapy regimens, toxicities, completion of systemic chemotherapy, and changes in CD4 cell count. Results Of 586 women with breast cancer, 31 (5.3%) were HIV positive, 420 (71.7%) were HIV negative, and 135 (23%) were untested for HIV. Women with HIV were younger than other women (P < .001). The groups did not differ in regard to stage at presentation, histologic subtype, tumor grade, nodal involvement, or hormone receptor positivity. More than 84% of patients who initiated systemic chemotherapy, regardless of HIV status, completed it without serious toxicity. Among HIV-positive patients receiving chemotherapy, the mean baseline CD4 cell count was 477 cells/µL (standard deviation, 160 cells/µL), and the mean nadir was 333 cells/µL (standard deviation, 166 cells/µL). Conclusion HIV-infected women were younger at breast cancer diagnosis than HIV-negative women but otherwise similar in phenotype and completion of chemotherapy. Longer term follow-up is needed to evaluate the effects of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and chemotherapy on the survival and quality of life of patients with breast cancer.

RESPONSE FROM COPPER AND SELENIUM WITH VITAMIN E INJECTIONS TO CATTLE PASTURED ON MINERAL AND ORGANIC GROUNDWATER SOILS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON ◽  
J. M. McARTHUR ◽  
C. C. STRACHAN ◽  
J. B. CLAPP
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good Drainage ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Sulfate

An experiment, using a total of 127 cattle on one ranch over a 2-yr period and 82 cattle at two separate locations on a second ranch in 1 yr, tested injections of copper (Cu) and injections of selenium (Se) with vitamin E, separately and in combination. Injections of 100 mg Cu as copper calcium edetate resulted in an increased overall daily gain of 118 g or 22%. The injections of Se and vitamin E did not significantly increase gain and there was no synergistic effect when the two materials were given together. The crude protein, inorganic sulfate, S, P, Ca, K, Mg, Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B concentrations were determined on grass from the experimental pastures and from grass growing in fields around one ranch. These latter forages were collected in seven paired locations with one member forage of each set being harvested from an organic groundwater soil and the other from an adjacent clay soil where there was good drainage. Forage growing on well-drained soils had a Cu/Mo ratio of 1.9, which was almost treble the 0.7 ratio found in forage grown on the groundwater soil. Cu levels in hair from cattle on ranch B, given only Cu injections, averaged 13.4 ppm Cu on an oven-dry weight basis, which was 54% higher in Cu than hair from the control cattle. The mean concentration of Se in hair of cattle receiving Se with vitamin E was 60 ppm, which was not significantly different from the control at 58 ppm.

scholarly journals PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in phytoplankton and zooplankton in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude R. Joiris ◽  
William Overloop
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Indian Sector

Samples of phyto- and zooplankton were collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (38–67°S, 18–84°E) and analysed for organochlorine residues (PCBs and pesticides). The PCB concentration in particulate matter (mainly phytoplankton) appeared to be high and similar to that of temperate zones: 0.7 μg g−1 dry weight. Contamination levels were more constant expressed per water volume than per dry weight, and seven times lower (1.2 μg m−3) than in northern temperate zones (8.8 μm−3 in the North Sea). The Antarctic ecosystems are thus less contaminated than temperate ones — as expected — but the very low phytoplankton biomass present cause high PCB levels per unit of biomass. These results confirm the necessity of using different systems of units in order to correctly express the contamination levels and to identify the main mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of stable pollutants. PCB levels in netplankton samples (mainly zooplankton) were comparable with phytoplankton on a dry weight basis (0.7 μm−3), lower on a lipid weight basis (5.8 μg g−1 lw for netplankton, 16.3 for particulate matter) and were much higher per seawater volume (27.2 μg m−3 for netplankton, 1.2 for particulate matter). Netplankton contamination is comparable in the Antarctic (0.35 μg g−1 dw) and the North Sea (0.70) since zooplankton feeding on phytoplankton has similar levels of contamination in both ecosystems. Lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, DDE and DDT were observed in various samples at trace levels. The high DDE/DDT ratio reflects the more recent origin of Antarctic organochlorines.

scholarly journals Persistent organic pollutants in river food webs: influence of trophic position and degree of heterotrophy

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 2021-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Berglund ◽  
Per Nyström ◽  
Per Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Food Webs ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Lipid Weight ◽  
The Mean

We investigated how the degree of autotrophy/heterotrophy and organism trophic position influenced the bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 10 benthic river food webs consisting of terrestrial detritus, periphyton, invertebrates, and age-0 brown trout (Salmo trutta) in southern Sweden. Concentrations of PCBs increased with trophic position, estimated from δ15N and δ13C, on a dry weight basis (ng·g–1 dry weight) but not on a lipid weight basis (ng·g–1 lipid). PCB biomagnification factors between the first and second trophic levels (invertebrates/ periphyton and invertebrates/detritus) ranged between 0.3 and 2.3 and between the second and third levels (trout/invertebrates) between 0.3 and 2.0 on a lipid weight basis. The mean proportion of carbon ultimately derived from terrestrial sources, α, was 0.82 ± 0.19 for invertebrates and 0.67 ± 0.28 for trout. Contrary to our hypothesis, PCB concentrations in trout were positively related to α (r2 = 0.58–0.77, p < 0.05). As α and the periphyton density (g C·m–2) in the rivers was positively related (r2 = 0.88, p < 0.01), we propose that this relationship was due to an increased retention and exposure of PCBs to trout in rivers with low grazing pressure and high periphyton density.

scholarly journals The innovativeself - adjustable Adspecs TM

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Near Vision ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Distance Vision

A method of self-refraction, based onan old concept implemented with the aidof modern technology, is spectacles withadjustable lenses. The spectacle design isreferred to as the AdspecsTM. The advantageof the Adspecs is that the wearer can adjustthe powers of the lenses to suit his or hervisual needs. The power is spherical andranges from −6 to 6 D. Studies were undertakenin Ghana and South Africa. Subjectswere instructed under supervision to adjustthe powers of the Adspecs as accurately aspossible to correct their vision and obtainthe best visual acuity possible. An optometristthen refracted the patients and theresults were then compared. For the righteyes, the mean stigmatic coefficient differencefor distance vision was −0.13 D andthe standard deviation 0.89 D. For the lefteyes, the mean was −0.24 D and the standarddeviation 0.91 D. For near vision, themean for the right eyes was −0.27 D andstandard deviation 1.07 D, and for the lefteyes, the mean was −0.27 D and standarddeviation 1.23 D. The standard deviationsfor the means (at distance and near) forleft eyes were slightly greater than for theright eyes.

Effect of Varieties on the Composition of Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) — Note

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Sahari ◽  
M. Barzegar ◽  
R. Radfar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Atomic Spectroscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera L ◽  
The Mean

Thirty-four date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties, from start of Tamr stage of maturity, were analyzed for moisture, protein, lipid and ash. The mean percent of moisture, protein, lipid and ash were 29.35, 3.3, 0.42 and 2.25 g/100 g (fresh weight basis), respectively. Predominant sugars were fructose (12.62—43.31 g/100 g) and glucose (16.41—54.23 g/100 g, fresh weight basis). Sucrose was not practically detected in most varieties (excepting in Zark variety). Mineral elements such as Na, Mg, K and Ca were determined by ICP atomic spectroscopy and their amounts were in the range of 4.46—47.74, 18.44—79.35, 203.61—982.97 and 23.24—73.85 mg/100 g (dry weight basis), respectively. These results were generally in agreement with those reported previously for some other varieties grown in the other dates producing countries. A few differences will be related to date variety, agro-climatic and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY: LXXXII. DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN A IN MICROGRAM SAMPLES OF TISSUE AND ITS QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT ADRENAL

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 640-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL K. NAKANE ◽  
DAVID GLICK
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

A fluorometric procedure is presented for the determinations of vitamin A in small tissue samples, e. g., microtome sections, to enable correlation of analytical data with histology. Measurements may be made over the range, 3 x 10–12–6 x 10–10 moles of the vitamin (0.86-17 mµg of vitamin A alcohol), the quantities per 60 µl of solution used in the microcuvettes for fluorometry. Optimal conditions for certain of the analytical steps and for extraction of the vitamin from tissue were studied. Quantitative recoveries of vitamin added to tissue were obtained, and the reproducibility of the analysis of tissue was observed to have a standard deviation of 4%. In preliminary experiments, a mean vitamin A per rat adrenal was found to be 2.3 mµmoles, and the mean concentration 317 mµmoles/g, dry weight. A study of the quantitative histological distribution of the vitamin in the adrenal revealed greatest concentrations (4.7 x 10–12 moles/µg of proten-nitrogen) in the region where the glomerulosa and fasciculata join, and the concentration fell steadily through the fasciculata and reticularis to a low (0.9 x 10–12 moles/µg of protein-nitrogen) in the medulla.

scholarly journals Boron Requirement of Young `Sharwil' Avocado Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 886-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Miyasaka ◽  
Jeff B. Million ◽  
Nguyen V. Hue ◽  
Charles E. McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Good Predictor ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Extractable Soil

Possible boron (B) deficiency symptoms were observed on avocado (Persea americana Mill. `Sharwil') grown in Kona, Hawaii. To determine the B requirement of young, `Sharwil' avocado trees, two greenhouse experiments were conducted. In a soil study, seven B treatments (0, 3.7, 11, 22, 44, 89, and 178 mg·kg–1 soil fines) were applied to 1-year-old grafted `Sharwil' avocado trees grown for 13 weeks in a Tropofolist soil. Due to the low and variable fractions of soil fines in this rocky soil, extractable soil B concentration did not appear to be a good predictor of B requirements by avocados. Adequate foliar B concentrations in `Sharwil' avocado trees based on dry weight and area of new leaves ranged from 37 (±3) to 65 (±4) and from 31 (±10) to 78 (±13) mg·kg–1 (dry-weight basis), respectively. (Means are followed by standard errors of the mean in parentheses.) In a hydroponics study, 6-month-old grafted `Sharwil' avocado trees were supplied with four levels of B (0, 1, 10, and 100 μm). At 11 months after B treatment initiation, leaves with deformed margins and a “shot-hole” appearance were first observed at a solution level of 0 μm B. At 14 months after B treatment initiation, foliar B concentrations that were associated with 12% to 14% incidence of deformed leaves ranged from 9.8 to 13.5 mg·kg–1 (dry-weight basis). Although `Sharwil' avocados are reportedly susceptible to B deficiency, foliar B concentrations required for adequate growth and those associated with B deficiency symptoms are similar to those for other cultivars.

Development of Milk Powder Reference Materials BCR-CRM 187,188. Part I. Preparation, Homogeneity, and Stability

1990 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-776
Author(s):  
Jan K Quirijns ◽  
Kees G Van Der Paauw ◽  
Ed J Mulders ◽  
Bernard Griepink
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Hch Isomers ◽  
Stability Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Natural Milk

Abstract Two milk powders were prepared and tested as reference materials for 9 organochlorlne pesticides and metabolites: hexachlorobenzene, HCH Isomers (a-HCH, jS-HCH, 7-HCH), 0-heptachlor epoxide, dleidrin, endrln, p.p'-DDE, and p,pf- DDT. The reference materials, a natural milk powder (CRM 187) and a spiked milk powder (CRM 188), contain the analytes at concentrations of 1.5 to 69 /ig/kg on a dry weight basis. Preparation and testing for homogeneity and stability of the powders are discussed. The mean coefficient of variation In the homogeneity tests was about 4.5%, which indicates that the homogeneity of the samples Is very good. Stability data over 12 months do not show any trend that suggests lack of stability

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE PERCEPTIONS OF BACKUS’S E-GOVERNANCE MODEL

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-161
Author(s):  
Alain Michael MOMO
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
African Nation ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
Measures Of Dispersion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nation Brand ◽  
Emic Perspective ◽  
Nation Brands

This study was conducted to determine measures of dispersion for normal distribution of nation brand ranking in line with Backus’s e-governance model adoption. The significance of this study dwells in the quantitative interpretations of Backus’s e-governance model for rebranding African nations. This is an exploratory study, which is based on the emic perspective (author’ s viewpoint) built on literature reviewing and inferential statistics. The results show that the probability for investors to select randomly South Africa as business destination P (RSA) is 35%. The mean of top 10 African nation brands being 61.2; South Africa’s brand variance of 156.8; and standard deviation of 5.8 translates better reputation and positioning from the sample (n).

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