Microbial strategies to control aflatoxins in food and feed

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guan ◽  
T. Zhou ◽  
Y. Yin ◽  
M. Xie ◽  
Z. Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Biological Detoxification ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
And Control

Aflatoxins are a group of toxic and carcinogenic fungal metabolites. They are commonly found in cereals, nuts and animal feeds and create a significant threat to the food industry and animal production. Several strategies have been developed to avoid or reduce harmful effects of aflatoxins since the 1960s. However, prevention of aflatoxin contamination pre/post harvest or during storage has not been satisfactory and control strategies such as physical removing and chemical inactivating used in food commodities have their deficiencies, which limit their large scale application. It is expected that progress in the control of aflatoxin contamination will depend on the introduction of technologies for specific, efficient and environmentally sound detoxification. The utilisation of biological detoxification agents, such as microorganisms and/or their enzymatic products to detoxify aflatoxins in contaminated food and feed can be a choice of such technology. To date, many of the microbial strategies have only showed reduced concentration of aflatoxins and the structure and toxicity of the detoxified products are unclear. More attention should be paid to the detoxification reactions, the structure of biotransformed products and the enzymes responsible for the detoxification. In this article, microbial strategies for aflatoxin control such as microbial binding and microbial biotransformation are reviewed.

scholarly journals Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Dipendra Kumar Mahato ◽  
Sheetal Devi ◽  
Shikha Pandhi ◽  
Bharti Sharma ◽  
Kamlesh Kumar Maurya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Natural Estrogens ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Sources

Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.

scholarly journals Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tumukunde ◽  
G. Ma ◽  
D. Li ◽  
J. Yuan ◽  
L. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Status ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Pollution Detection ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Control

Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.

New applications and control strategies for large-scale CPV plants

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benoit ◽  
G. Rohbogner ◽  
S. Fey ◽  
D. George ◽  
J. Wüllner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
New Applications ◽  
And Control

Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-186
Author(s):  
Luciano Pinotti ◽  
◽  
Luca Ferrari ◽  
Nicoletta Rovere ◽  
Francesca Fumagalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Feed Samples

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are naturally occurring and (seem to be) unavoidable. In fact, a high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Mycotoxins accumulate in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops, directly in the field or during the transportation, processing or storage stages. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can lead acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals, as well as crop losses. This chapter reviews the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, the foods they commonly contaminate, and the current methods used to detect and control of these mycotoxins.

scholarly journals The Existing Methods and Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins’ Detection

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3981
Author(s):  
Edyta Janik ◽  
Marcin Niemcewicz ◽  
Marcin Podogrocki ◽  
Michal Ceremuga ◽  
Leslaw Gorniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Food Commodities

Mycotoxins represent a wide range of secondary, naturally occurring and practically unavoidable fungal metabolites. They contaminate various agricultural commodities like cereals, maize, peanuts, fruits, and feed at any stage in pre- or post-harvest conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. The risk that is posed to public health have prompted the need to develop methods of analysis and detection of mycotoxins in food products. Mycotoxins wide range of structural diversity, high chemical stability, and low concentrations in tested samples require robust, effective, and comprehensible detection methods. This review summarizes current methods, such as chromatographic and immunochemical techniques, as well as novel, alternative approaches like biosensors, electronic noses, or molecularly imprinted polymers that have been successfully applied in detection and identification of various mycotoxins in food commodities. In order to highlight the significance of sampling and sample treatment in the analytical process, these steps have been comprehensively described.

scholarly journals Use of Visible–Near-Infrared (Vis-NIR) Spectroscopy to Detect Aflatoxin B1 on Peanut Kernels

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feifei Tao ◽  
Haibo Yao ◽  
Zuzana Hruska ◽  
Yongliang Liu ◽  
Kanniah Rajasekaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Peanut Kernel ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Aflatoxin B

Current methods for detecting aflatoxin contamination of agricultural and food commodities are generally based on wet chemical analyses, which are time-consuming, destructive to test samples, and require skilled personnel to perform, making them impossible for large-scale nondestructive screening and on-site detection. In this study, we utilized visible–near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy over the spectral range of 400–2500 nm to detect contamination of commercial, shelled peanut kernels (runner type) with the predominant aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The artificially contaminated samples were prepared by dropping known amounts of aflatoxin standard dissolved in 50:50 (v/v) methanol/water onto peanut kernel surface to achieve different contamination levels. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models established using the full spectra over different ranges achieved good prediction results. The best overall accuracy of 88.57% and 92.86% were obtained using the full spectra when taking 20 and 100 parts per billion (ppb), respectively, as the classification threshold. The random frog (RF) algorithm was used to find the optimal characteristic wavelengths for identifying the surface AFB1-contamination of peanut kernels. Using the optimal spectral variables determined by the RF algorithm, the simplified RF-PLS-DA classification models were established. The better RF-PLS-DA models attained the overall accuracies of 90.00% and 94.29% with the 20 ppb and 100 ppb thresholds, respectively, which were improved compared to using the full spectral variables. Compared to using the full spectral variables, the employed spectral variables of the simplified RF-PLS-DA models were decreased by at least 94.82%. The present study demonstrated that the Vis-NIR spectroscopic technique combined with appropriate chemometric methods could be useful in identifying AFB1 contamination of peanut kernels.

scholarly journals Integrated Approach to Malaria Control

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Shiff
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single Strategy ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Effective Product ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Malaria draws global attention in a cyclic manner, with interest and associated financing waxing and waning according to political and humanitarian concerns. Currently we are on an upswing, which should be carefully developed. Malaria parasites have been eliminated from Europe and North America through the use of residual insecticides and manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics; however, in many tropical and some temperate areas the incidence of disease is increasing dramatically. Much of this increase results from a breakdown of effective control methods developed and implemented in the 1960s, but it has also occurred because of a lack of trained scientists and control specialists who live and work in the areas of endemic infection. Add to this the widespread resistance to the most effective antimalarial drug, chloroquine, developing resistance to other first-line drugs such as sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and resistance of certain vector species of mosquito to some of the previously effective insecticides and we have a crisis situation. Vaccine research has proceeded for over 30 years, but as yet there is no effective product, although research continues in many promising areas. A global strategy for malaria control has been accepted, but there are critics who suggest that the single strategy cannot confront the wide range of conditions in which malaria exists and that reliance on chemotherapy without proper control of drug usage and diagnosis will select for drug resistant parasites, thus exacerbating the problem. An integrated approach to control using vector control strategies based on the biology of the mosquito, the epidemiology of the parasite, and human behavior patterns is needed to prevent continued upsurge in malaria in the endemic areas.

scholarly journals Modeling Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Disease Propagation and Control Strategies Using Memoryless State Transitions

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Mitchell ◽  
Walter E. Beyeler ◽  
Patrick Finley ◽  
Melissa Finley DVM, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
And Control

<p><em>Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an infectious disease affecting goats and sheep. PPR has a mortality rate of 80% and a morbidity rate of 100% in naïve herds. This disease is currently of concern to Afghani goat and sheep herders as conditions in Afghanistan are conducive to the disease becoming an epidemic. PPR is similar to Rinderpest, but is not as well studied. There is a lack of empirical data on how the disease spreads or effective large-scale mitigation strategies. We developed a herd-level, event-driven model of PPR, using memoryless state transitions, to study how the virus propagates through a herd, and to identify effective control strategies for disparate herd configurations and environments. This model allows us to perform Sensitivity Analyses (SA) on environmental and disease parameters for which we do not have empirical data and to simulate the effectiveness of various control strategies. We find that reducing the amount of time from the identification of PPR in a herd to the vaccination of the herd will radically reduce the number of deaths that result from PPR. The goal of this model is to give policy makers a tool to develop effective containment strategies for managing outbreaks of PPR.</em></p>

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