Recycling of spent mushroom substrate and food waste: utilisation as feed materials for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.) Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
T.H. Li ◽  
C.R. Zhang ◽  
P.F. Che ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
L.S. Zang
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is the organic material remaining after harvesting mushrooms. We evaluated the potential of using SMSs of four different edible fungi (Auricularia heimuer, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus citrinopileatus) as a food resource for rearing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and to decrease waste recycling and save conventional feed. The larval weight after being fed only on the SMS of L. edodes (68.8 mg), a mushroom with worldwide cultivation, was heavier than larvae fed entirely on P. eryngii SMS (38.3 mg). The L. edodes SMS was selected from the various SMS treatments and subsequently mixed with food waste in different percentages to make BSFL rearing medium. When L. edodes SMS replaced 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% of the food waste in the mixed feed treatments, the BSFL survival rates (99.2-100%) did not differ among the treatments. Body size or weight was reduced only when 90% of the food waste was replaced by L. edodes SMS. A higher percentage of BSFL, however, developed into prepupae (55.8, 46.7, 75.8%, respectively) when 20, 30 or 90% of the food waste were replaced by L. edodes SMS. Compared to BSFL fed entirely on food waste, larvae fed a mixed diet consisting of 30% L. edodes SMS and 70% food waste had a lower fat content (178.1 g/kg) and a higher content of crude ash (15.54%), crude fibre (17.81%), crude protein (38.13%), and moisture (10.08%). Although the aerobic plate count (9,200 cfu/g), total mould count (260 cfu/g), and the arsenic (0.1830 mg/kg) and lead (0.202 mg/kg) contents increased in larvae reared on the mixed diet, all were below the safety limit. Collectively, these results suggest that mixed diets consisting of 20-30% L. edodes SMS and 70-80% food waste have a great potential as a daily medium for culturing this important resource insect.

scholarly journals Valorisation of Organic Waste By-Products Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as a Bio-Convertor

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8345
Author(s):  
Kieran Magee ◽  
Joe Halstead ◽  
Richard Small ◽  
Iain Young
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
The Face ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
By Products ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

One third of food produced globally is wasted. Disposal of this waste is costly and is an example of poor resource management in the face of elevated environmental concerns and increasing food demand. Providing this waste as feedstock for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) has the potential for bio-conversion and valorisation by production of useful feed materials and fertilisers. We raised BSFL under optimal conditions (28 °C and 70% relative humidity) on seven UK pre-consumer food waste-stream materials: fish trimmings, sugar-beet pulp, bakery waste, fruit and vegetable waste, cheese waste, fish feed waste and brewer’s grains and yeast. The nutritional quality of the resulting BSFL meals and frass fertiliser were then analysed. In all cases, the volume of waste was reduced (37–79%) and meals containing high quality protein and lipid sources (44.1 ± 4.57% and 35.4 ± 4.12%, respectively) and frass with an NPK of 4.9-2.6-1.7 were produced. This shows the potential value of BSFL as a bio-convertor for the effective management of food waste.

scholarly journals Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) strengthen the metabolic function of food waste biodegradation by gut microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng‐Liang Jiang ◽  
Wei‐Zheng Jin ◽  
Xin‐Hua Tao ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Jun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

scholarly journals Directional Changes in the Intestinal Bacterial Community in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3475
Author(s):  
Xinfu Li ◽  
Shen Zhou ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Zhihao Zhou ◽  
Qiang Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Lysinibacillus Sphaericus ◽  
Intestinal Bacterial Community ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Experimental Group

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) have emerged as an efficient system for the bioconversion of organic waste. Intestinal microorganisms are involved in several insect functions, including the development, nutrition, and physiology of the host. In order to transform the intestinal bacterial community of BSF directionally, six different potential functional strains (Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudocitrobacter faecalis, Pseudocitrobacter anthropi, and Enterococcus faecalis) were added to aseptic food waste, and aseptic food waste was used without inoculants as a blank control to evaluate the changes in the intestinal microbiota of BSF under artificial intervention conditions. These six strains (which were isolated from the larval intestinal tract in selective media and then identified and screened) may be considered responsible for the functional characteristics of larvae. The results imply that the increase in the abundance of Lysinibacillus in the experimental group that was exposed to Lysinibacillus sphaericus was significantly different to the other groups (p < 0.05). The results revealed that it is feasible to transform the intestinal microbiota of BSF directionally; there are differences in the proliferation of different strains in the intestine of BSF.

scholarly journals Use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Food Waste Treatment and Energy Production in Asian Countries: A Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Chul-Hwan Kim ◽  
JunHee Ryu ◽  
Jongkeun Lee ◽  
Kwanyoung Ko ◽  
Ji-yeon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Hermetia Illucens Larvae

Food waste accounts for a substantial portion of the organic waste generated at an increasing rate worldwide. Organic waste, including food waste, is largely subjected to landfill disposal, incineration, and anaerobic digestion; however, more sustainable methods are needed for treating it. Treatment of organic waste using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae is an environmentally safe and cost-efficient method that has been attracting increasing attention worldwide. Black soldier fly decomposes various types of organic waste and converts them into high-value biomasses such as oils and proteins. This review introduces the trends in research related to the treatment of organic waste by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and their bioconversion efficiencies in Asian countries. Perspectives on the growth of BSFL during waste treatment operation and optimal rearing conditions are provided. The trends in studies related to the application of BSFL as biofuel and animal feed are also discussed. Such use of BSFL would be beneficial in Asia, especially in countries where the technology for processing organic waste is not readily available. This review may provide further directions of investigations including culture techniques for industrial scale applications of BSFL in food waste treatment and resource production in Asian countries.

scholarly journals Bioconversion performance and development of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) on treated cocoa pod husk

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciptadi Achmad YUSUP ◽  
Haryo Tejo PRAKOSO ◽  
. SISWANTO ◽  
Deden Dewantara ERIS
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk

Indonesia is the third largest cocoa producer in the world, thus the number of cocoa pod husk (CPH) resulted from this activity is abundant. To handle this waste, farmer usually uses it directly as a feed source to small ruminants but this practice is less effective due to its low protein content and it also contains a substantial amount of lignin. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae are known as bioconversion agents that can be fed upon various organic substrates and they are also high protein source. The aim of this research was to evaluate the possibility of BSF grown on CPH based on their relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), waste reduction index (WRI), and development time. Body size of the imago from each treatment was also measured. Larvae were fed with fresh CPH (F), fresh blended CPH (B), composted CPH (C), mix of fresh CPH with food waste (F+FW) and mix of composted CPH with food waste (C+FW). Food waste served as a control. The results of this study show that the most ideal treatment that possible to be applied in cocoa plantation was C+FW treatmentwhich gave average prepupal fresh weight of 11.20 g/100 larvae with 18 days of development time. This treatment had the highest value of WRI and RGR among all treatments. Composted CPH that mixed with food waste treatment also had a shorter development time of BSF larvae.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources and Ratios to Carbon on Larval Development and Bioconversion Efficiency in Food Waste Treatment by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 507
Author(s):  
Yan Lu ◽  
Shouyu Zhang ◽  
Shibo Sun ◽  
Minghuo Wu ◽  
Yongming Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae

Biowaste treatment by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens) has received global research interest and growing industrial application. Larvae farming conditions, such as temperature, pH, and moisture, have been critically examined. However, the substrate carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), one of the key parameters that may affect larval survival and bioconversion efficiency, is significantly less studied. The current study aimed to compare the nitrogen supplying effects of 9 nitrogen species (i.e., NH4Cl, NaNO3, urea, uric acid, Gly, L-Glu, L-Glu:L-Asp (1:1, w/w), soybean flour, and fish meal) during food waste larval treatment, and further examine the C/N effects on the larval development and bioconversion process, using the C/N adjustment with urea from the initial 21:1 to 18:1, 16:1, 14:1, 12:1, and 10:1, respectively. The food wastes were supplied with the same amount of nitrogen element (1 g N/100 g dry wt) in the nitrogen source trial and different amount of urea in the C/N adjustment trial following larvae treatment. The results showed that NH4Cl and NaNO3 caused significant harmful impacts on the larval survival and bioconversion process, while the 7 organic nitrogen species resulted in no significant negative effect. Further adjustment of C/N with urea showed that the C/N range between 18:1 and 14:1 was optimal for a high waste reduction performance (73.5–84.8%, p < 0.001) and a high larvae yield (25.3–26.6%, p = 0.015), while the C/N range of 18:1 to 16:1 was further optimal for an efficient larval protein yield (10.1–11.1%, p = 0.003) and lipid yield (7.6–8.1%, p = 0.002). The adjustment of C/N influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, p = 0.015), whereas exerted no obvious impact on the larval amino acid composition. Altogether, organic nitrogen is more suitable than NH4Cl and NaNO3 as the nitrogen amendment during larval food waste treatment, addition of small amounts of urea, targeting C/N of 18:1–14:1, would improve the waste reduction performance, and application of C/N at 18:1–16:1 would facilitate the larval protein and lipid bioconversion process.

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