scholarly journals Chemical food safety of using former foodstuffs for rearing black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) for feed and food use

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-488
Author(s):  
H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
N. Meijer ◽  
M.M. Nijkamp ◽  
E. Schmitt ◽  
J.J.A. van Loon
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Mineral Oils

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae is considered one of the insect species with great potential for large-scale production as feed and food. For this to become economically feasible and to contribute to a circular economy, BSF larvae should be reared on substrates with little or no alternative use for feed and food production. One such class of alternative substrate sources consists of former food products. However, BSF larvae may accumulate chemical contaminants from the substrate, which may originate from the foodstuff and/or the packaging materials. This study aimed to investigate the possible presence of chemical contaminants in BSF larvae being reared on former foodstuff substrates at both laboratory and industrial scale. Four experimental treatments were set up: with meat or vegetarian, and containing between 3-6% of either plastic or paperboard carton packaging material. Four-day old BSF larvae were reared for seven days on these substrates. Concentrations of heavy metals, mineral oil hydrocarbons, dioxins and PCBs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in the substrate, residual material, and the larvae. Results suggest that BSF larvae can be reared on former food products containing traces of packaging materials, without negative effects on their growth or survival. Bio-accumulation was observed for most of the tested contaminants, in particular for mineral oils and cadmium, which had a bio-accumulation rate of, respectively, about five and 20. However, none of the concentrations of the analysed contaminants in the substrate and the larvae exceeded the respective legal limits in the EU. Results of this pilot study were promising. As a next step, more different former food products should be investigated in future research.

scholarly journals Technical basis for the small-scale production of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), meal as fish feed in Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 100153
Author(s):  
Armel Gougbedji ◽  
Pamphile Agbohessou ◽  
Philippe A. Lalèyè ◽  
Frédéric Francis ◽  
Rudy Caparros Megido
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Technical Basis

scholarly journals Recent advances and perspectives in efforts to reduce the production and application cost of microbial flocculants

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Di Sun ◽  
Jiawen Liu ◽  
Jingrong Zhu ◽  
Weijie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Microbial Flocculant

AbstractMicrobial flocculants are macromolecular substances produced by microorganisms. Due to its non-toxic, harmless, and biodegradable advantages, microbial flocculants have been widely used in various industrial fields, such as wastewater treatment, microalgae harvest, activated sludge dewatering, heavy metal ion adsorption, and nanoparticle synthesis, especially in the post-treatment process of fermentation with high safety requirement. However, compared with the traditional inorganic flocculants and organic polymeric flocculants, the high production cost is the main bottleneck that restricts the large-scale production and application of microbial flocculants. To reduce the production cost of microbial flocculant, a series of efforts have been carried out and some exciting research progresses have been achieved. This paper summarized the research advances in the last decade, including the screening of high-yield strains and the construction of genetically engineered strains, search of cheap alternative medium, the extraction and preservation methods, microbial flocculants production as an incidental product of other biological processes, combined use of traditional flocculant and microbial flocculant, and the production of microbial flocculant promoted by inducer. Moreover, this paper prospects the future research directions to further reduce the production cost of microbial flocculants, thereby promoting the industrial production and large-scale application of microbial flocculants.

scholarly journals Influence of Temperature on Selected Life-History Traits of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Common Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Shumo ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Chrysantus Tanga ◽  
Komi Fiaboe ◽  
Sevgan Subramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Livestock Feed

In sub-Saharan Africa, urban populations are projected to increase by 115% in the coming 15 years. In addition, economic growth and dietary shifts towards animal source foods have put high pressure and demand on agricultural production. The high ecological footprint of meat and dairy production, as well as high feed costs, prevent the livestock sector from meeting the increasing demand in a sustainable manner. Insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) have been identified as potential alternatives to the conventionally used protein sources in livestock feed due to their rich nutrient content and the fact that they can be reared on organic side streams. Substrates derived from organic byproducts are suitable for industrial large-scale production of insect meal. Although efficient in waste management and in feed production, BSF larvae are very sensitive to the external environment such as temperature and rearing medium. Therefore, we studied the effect of temperature and substrate type, i.e., brewers’ spent grain (SG) and cow dung (CD), on the development and survival of BSF larvae. Both organic substrates were readily available in Nairobi, Kenya, the location of the experiments. In our experiment, 100 3–5-day-old BSF larvae were placed into containers that contained either SG or CD and further treated at temperatures of 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The duration of larval development was recorded, and the prepupae were removed, weighed, and placed individually in separate, labeled, 35-mL plastic cups filled with moist sawdust. After emergence, 10 2-day-old adults (5 males and 5 females) from every replica per substrate were transferred into a cage (40 × 40 × 40 cm) and allowed to mate for 24 h at their respective temperatures. The laid egg batches were collected and counted, and the adult flies’ longevity was recorded. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model procedure. BSF larvae reared on SG developed faster than those reared on CD; the former also favored higher temperatures for their larval development and emergence into adults. The optimum range was 25–30 °C. With increasing temperatures, the longevity of adult BSF decreased, while the fecundity of females increased. Thus, it is possible to take advantage of the readily available SG waste streams in the urban environments of Kenya to produce BSF larvae-derived livestock feed within a short duration of time and at relatively high temperatures.

scholarly journals Using Industry 4.0 Concept – Digital Twin – to Improve the Efficiency of Leather Cutting in Automotive Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslava Horváthová ◽  
Roman Lacko ◽  
Zuzana Hajduová
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Number Of Publications

<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The aim of this study is to propose alternatives of increasing the efficiency of material selection and processing in the selected company and reduce costs and leather sustainability as a result.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> In this case study, an automotive company processing a natural leather material that enters the process of a large-scale production was explored. For this purpose, the internal documents of the firm selected including its internal database and know-how of its employees were used. The ways of improving the efficiency of the material processing were proposed and tested in a digital environment. In the proposed solutions, Industry 4.0 principles were implemented.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> By the use of Digital twin and other Industry 4.0 principles and solutions in the process of material selection and processing in the company selected, the increased efficiency and cost savings were achieved.</p><p><strong>Research Limitation/implication:</strong> The solutions proposed in this paper were based on exploration of the chosen data set of the selected company. For the future research, testing of the given proposals in other companies should be conducted.</p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> Although there is an increasing number of publications describing the concept Industry 4.0, the research providing evidence of its benefits for business entities is still scarce. This paper offers such a research in the enterprise selected.

scholarly journals Adult Reproductive Tract Morphology and Spermatogenesis in the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 576-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline S Malawey ◽  
David Mercati ◽  
Charles C Love ◽  
Jeffery K Tomberlin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Male Reproductive Tract ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Current Mass

Abstract Large-scale production of the black soldier fly [Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)] for use as aquaculture and poultry feed has developed into a global industry. Successful commercialization of the black soldier fly relies on optimizing the production of fecund adults. However, current mass-rearing protocols result in variable production of fertile eggs. To help lay a foundation for a better understanding of factors that may play a role in this variability, the morphology of the black soldier fly male reproductive tract and spermatozoa, associated spermatogenesis process, impact of age on the process, and the female spermatheca morphology were examined with various microscopic techniques (e.g., scanning electron microscope, transition electron microscope, and dissecting scope). The gross morphology of the male reproductive tract and female spermatheca appear to be similar to those found in other brachyceran flies. Male spermatozoa are long (~860 µm overall, ~8 µm head), apparently motile, and possess flagella with a typical 9 + 9 + 2 axoneme triplets. Germ cells go through incomplete mitotic divisions surrounded by somatic cyst cells in the testes. Spermatogenesis appears to be initiated during immature development (cryptocephalic pupa stage). From <24 h to 7 d post-emergence, male aging appeared to impact sperm production.

scholarly journals Novel Experimental Methods for the Investigation of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Gold ◽  
Melanie Binggeli ◽  
Fabienne Kurt ◽  
Tomas de Wouters ◽  
Markus Reichlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Abstract Large-scale insect rearing for food and feed production can be improved by understanding diet digestion and host–microbe interactions. To examine these processes in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae, two protocols were developed. Protocol 1 describes a method to produce viable, sterile black soldier fly larvae and a gentle method for diet sterilization. Sterile black soldier fly larvae can be used to study the diverse role of microbes in larval development. Nutrient requirements of sterile black soldier fly larvae are met only through diet. Viable sterile black soldier fly larvae were consistently generated using a four-step treatment with alternating immersions of eggs for 2 min each in ethanol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (0.6%), over two cycles. A nonthermal method of diet sterilization, namely high-energy electron beam (HEEB) treatment, was introduced. Subsequently, growth of sterile black soldier fly larvae was observed on the HEEB-treated diets (40, 60, and 40% of replicates with poultry feed, liver pie, and an artificial diet, respectively) but not on autoclaved diets. In Protocol 2, we propose a novel method to collect frass from individual larvae. We then measured the metabolites in frass, using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results on metabolites confirmed the influence of digestion. For instance, succinate increased from 1 to 2 and 7 μmol/g sample from diet to gut homogenate and frass, respectively. The collection method is a promising tool to estimate the diet and nutrient requirements of black soldier fly larvae, thus increasing the performance and reliability of black soldier fly larvae rearing. We discuss in detail the possible applications and limitations of our methods in black soldier fly larvae research.

scholarly journals Chemical safety of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research: a critical review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
S. Lievens ◽  
G. Poma ◽  
J. De Smet ◽  
L. Van Campenhout ◽  
A. Covaci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) (BSFL) are a promising protein source for the feed industry. They can be used to convert organic waste into valuable biomass, and due to their chemical composition, they are a valuable ingredient for several industrial sectors. To use BSFL as a feed ingredient, their chemical safety must be guaranteed. The composition of their rearing substrate is one of the crucial factors for safety, since it might introduce safety risks by bioaccumulation of various (in)organic compounds (e.g. toxic metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, etc.) in BSFL. Though several organic waste streams are potential and valuable rearing substrates for BSFL, the European Union currently does not allow their use due to safety knowledge gaps. This has prompted researchers to conduct several exposure experiments by artificially spiking chemicals to the rearing substrate of BSFL to investigate such risks. Here, we present a critical overview of the current body of literature on this topic and discuss the main findings, gaps, and recommendations for future research. Overall, BSFL do not seem to accumulate contaminants above the European feed legislation limits, except for certain metals (i.e. cadmium, lead, and zinc), which can jeopardise the chemical safety of the BSFL. For all compounds explored to date, except for cyromazine and pyriproxyfen, their presence in the substrate has no effect on the larval growth or survival rate. However, the remaining knowledge gaps concerning other potential hazardous chemicals (e.g. plasticisers, flame retardants, etc.) and their degradation pathways in BSFL still warrant an appropriate chemical safety assessment and can be a reason why several organic waste streams are not yet allowed to grow BSFL. The risks induced by the potential presence and accumulation of other chemical compounds requires further research to enable the safe exploitation of BSFL.

scholarly journals Current Advances in the Development of Decellularized Plant Extracellular Matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Zhu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Shengyu Wang ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
Shunwu Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Vascular Networks ◽  
Tissue Replacement ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range

An imbalance exists between the supply of organs for transplantation and the number of patients in the donor transplant waiting lists. Current use of autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts for tissue replacement is limited by the low availability, poor biocompatibility, and high cost. Decellularized plant scaffolds with remarkable physical similarities to human organs have recently emerged and have been found to present favorable characteristics that make them suitable as an alternative biomaterial, such as a superficial surface area, excellent water transport and retention, pre-existing vascular networks, interconnected porosity, and a wide range of mechanical properties. In addition to their unique and superior biocompatibility, plant-derived scaffolds present the advantages of low production cost, no ethical or supply constraints, simple operation and suitability for large-scale production and research. However, there are still some problems and deficiencies in this field, such as immature decellularization standards and methods, insufficient research on the biocompatibility of plant extracellular matrix. At present, research on decellularized plant extracellular matrix is still in its infancy, and its applicability to tissue engineering needs to be further improved. In this review, the current research progress on decellularized plant scaffolds is reviewed, the problems to be solved and future research directions are discussed.

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