Gatekeepers in the food industry: acceptability of edible insects

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-243
Author(s):  
H.J. Hunts ◽  
F.V. Dunkel ◽  
M.J. Thienes ◽  
N.B. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Family And Consumer Sciences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
North Central ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
The North ◽  
Consumer Sciences ◽  
Insects As Food

For billions of consumers around the world, insects are not only considered edible, they are considered delicious! Currently, in the United States, there is a distinct movement from ‘yuck’ to ‘yum’ in terms of insects as food. This movement towards acceptance can be seen in the market-demand for edible insects, but the pace of the demand is modified by the level to which key gatekeepers in education, research, and the food industry are providing supportive information to consumers. In this paper, we hypothesised that there would be differences in the perceptions of edible insect acceptability across three gatekeeper groups, entomologists (specifically, members of the North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America), food technologists (specifically, members of the Southern California Institute for Food Technology), and secondary family and consumer sciences teachers (specifically, members of the Montana Association of Family and Consumer Sciences). Further, we hypothesised that nutrition and environmental information would be the most important among entomologists. We exposed each group to information and tasting opportunities. Our findings supported our hypotheses with statistically significant differences using the Fisher’s exact test across the three gatekeeper groups in terms of acceptability (P-values of less than 0.01 in all pairings; P=1.003e-12 overall). We found differences between entomologists and family and consumer sciences (FCS) teachers in the importance of nutrition as a factor (P=0.014) but not between other pairings. Environmental impact information was statistically different across the groups (P=0.024) and statistically significant in FCS teachers compared to the other groups but not food technologists versus entomologists (P=0.95). We offer theoretical reasons why differences exist and offer suggestions on how we can move towards more acceptance among gatekeepers leading to more support for consumer demand.

Within-field Pathogenic Diversity of Phytophthora sojae in Commercial Soybean Fields in Iowa

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Robertson ◽  
Silvia R. Cianzio ◽  
Sarah M. Cerra ◽  
Richard O. Pope
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Pathogenic Diversity

Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRR), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, is an economically important soybean disease in the north central region of the United States, including Iowa. Previous surveys of the pathogenic diversity of P. sojae in Iowa did not investigate whether multiple pathotypes of the pathogen existed in individual fields. Considering the many pathotypes of P. sojae that have been reported in Iowa, we hypothesized multiple pathotypes could exist within single fields. In the research reported herein, several soil samples were collected systematically from each of two commercial fields with a history of PRR in Iowa, and each soil sample was baited separately for isolates of P. sojae. Numerous pathotypes of P. sojae were detected from both fields. As many as four pathotypes were detected in some soil samples (each consisting of six to eight soil cores), which suggests that a single soybean plant could be subjected to infection by more than one pathotype. This possibility presents important implications in breeding resistant cultivars and in the management of PRR. Accepted for publication 14 July 2009. Published 8 September 2009.

Document Delivery

2011 ◽  
pp. 734-735
Author(s):  
Robin L. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
North Central Association ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Regional Accreditation ◽  
North Central ◽  
Document Delivery ◽  
The North ◽  
Library Resources ◽  
Delivery Services

Document delivery is a service offered by academic libraries that allows distance education students to access or obtain the research materials required for their studies. These services find the document and send a copy of it to the student (Calvert, 2001). Document delivery services aim to provide the same level of service to on-campus students and to off-campus students. They provide access to library materials at the student’s home institution as well as from other libraries. Document delivery services for distance students are generally part of a library’s Interlibrary Loan Department but document delivery can be a separate department. Some libraries have a division or department dedicated to serving distance students and document delivery is handled there when they exist. In the United States, regional accreditation agencies consider document delivery services to be a vital part of a distance education program. For example, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools’ Guidelines for Distance Education emphasize that students should have access to the appropriate library resources for the field of study (2000).

scholarly journals Performance of Landscape Roses Grown with Minimal Input in the North-central, Central, and South-central United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 718-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Zlesak ◽  
Randy Nelson ◽  
Derald Harp ◽  
Barbara Villarreal ◽  
Nick Howell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
South Central ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Plant Hardiness

Landscape roses (Rosa sp.) are popular flowering shrubs. Consumers are less willing or able to maintain landscape beds than in years past and require plants that are not only attractive, but well-adapted to regional climatic conditions, soil types, and disease and pest pressures. Marketing and distribution of rose cultivars occurs on a national level; therefore, it is difficult for U.S. consumers in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plant Hardiness Zones 3 to 5 to identify well-adapted, cold-hardy cultivars. Identifying suitable cultivars that have strong genetic resistance to pests and disease and that will tolerate temperature extremes without winter protection in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 3 to 5 is of tremendous value to consumers and retailers in northern states. Twenty landscape rose cultivars, primarily developed in north-central North America, were evaluated at five locations in the United States (three in the north-central United States, one in the central United States, and one in the south-central United States) using the low-input, multiyear Earth-Kind® methodology. Six roses had ≥75% plant survival at the end of the study and were in the top 50% of performers for overall mean horticultural rating at each of the three north-central U.S. sites: ‘Lena’, ‘Frontenac’, ‘Ole’, ‘Polar Joy’, ‘Sunrise Sunset’, and ‘Sven’. Five of these six roses met the same criteria at the central United States (exception ‘Lena’) and the south-central United States (exception ‘Polar Joy’) sites. Cultivar, rating time, and their interaction were highly significant, and block effects were not significant for horticultural rating for all single-site analyses of variance. Significant positive correlations were found between sites for flower number, flower diameter, and overall horticultural rating. Significant negative correlations were found between flower number and diameter within each site and also between black spot (Diplocarpon rosae) lesion size from a previous study and overall horticultural rating for three of the five sites. Cane survival ratings were not significantly correlated with overall horticultural rating, suggesting some cultivars can experience severe winter cane dieback, yet recover and perform well. Data from this study benefit multiple stakeholders, including nurseries, landscapers, and consumers, with evidence-based regional cultivar recommendations and breeders desiring to identify regionally adapted parents.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Xanthomonas cucurbitae Isolates from Pumpkins and Survival of the Bacterium in Pumpkin Seeds

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1779-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Zhang ◽  
M. Babadoost
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Pumpkin Seeds ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

This study was conducted to determine characteristics of Xanthomonas cucurbitae, the causal agent of bacterial spot of pumpkin, and survival of the bacterium in pumpkin seeds. Fourteen X. cucurbitae isolates from the north central region of the United States, along with the X. cucurbitae strain 23378 from the American Type Culture Collection, were included in this study. The range of minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures for colony development of X. cucurbitae were 4 to 6°C, 24 to 30°C, and 34 to 36°C, respectively. Optimum pH for colony development ranged from 6.5 to 8.0. Leaves of 3-week-old pumpkins ‘Howden’ and ‘Dickinson’ were inoculated with X. cucurbitae isolates (108 CFU/ml). There was a significant difference in the postinoculation periods for appearance of bacterial lesions on the leaves among the isolates; however, there was no significant difference in diameters of the lesions on each of the pumpkin cultivar 7 days after inoculation. Four of the isolates caused significantly larger lesions on ‘Dickinson’ leaves than ‘Howden’ leaves. Naturally infected ‘Howden’ pumpkin and inoculated ‘Dickinson’ pumpkin seeds with X. cucurbitae were stored at 4 and 22°C. X. cucurbitae was isolated from both naturally infected and inoculated seeds 24 months after storage at both 4 and 22°C, and the isolated bacteria were pathogenic.

scholarly journals Community Composition, Abundance, and Phenology of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Soybean in the North Central Region of the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1722-1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela T Pezzini ◽  
Christina D DiFonzo ◽  
Deborah L Finke ◽  
Thomas E Hunt ◽  
Janet J Knodel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North

Abstract Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are an increasing threat to soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae) production in the North Central Region of the United States, which accounts for 80% of the country’s total soybean production. Characterization of the stink bug community is essential for development of management programs for these pests. However, the composition of the stink bug community in the region is not well defined. This study aimed to address this gap with a 2-yr, 9-state survey. Specifically, we characterized the relative abundance, richness, and diversity of taxa in this community, and assessed phenological differences in abundance of herbivorous and predatory stink bugs. Overall, the stink bug community was dominated by Euschistus spp. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Euschistus variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), C. hilaris and Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were more abundant in the northwestern, southeastern and eastern parts, respectively, of the North Central Region of the United States. Economically significant infestations of herbivorous species occurred in fields in southern parts of the region. Species richness differed across states, while diversity was the same across the region. Herbivorous and predatory species were more abundant during later soybean growth stages. Our results represent the first regional characterization of the stink bug community in soybean fields and will be fundamental for the development of state- and region-specific management programs for these pests in the North Central Region of the United States.

scholarly journals Field Response of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean to Herbicides and Sudden Death Syndrome

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sanogo ◽  
X. B. Yang ◽  
P. Lundeen
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Field Response ◽  
Soybean Plants

Three-year field experiments were conducted to assess the development of sudden death syndrome (caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines) in three soybean cultivars, tolerant (P9344 and A3071) and nontolerant (BSR101), to glyphosate following foliar application of four herbicides (acifluorfen, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and lactofen) commonly applied to soybeans in the north-central region of the United States. Cultivar A3071 is resistant to sudden death syndrome, whereas cultivars P9344 and BSR101 are susceptible to this disease. There was no statistically significant cultivar-herbicide interaction with respect to the severity of foliar symptoms of the disease and the frequency of isolation of F. solani f. sp. glycines from roots of soybean plants. Across all herbicide treatments, the level of sudden death syndrome was lower in the disease-resistant cultivar than in the susceptible ones. There was an increase in the disease levels under application of acifluorfen, glyphosate, and imazethapyr compared with nontreated or lactofen-treated plants. The results obtained indicate that the response of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans to sudden death syndrome is not different from the response of conventional soybeans to this disease following application of the selected herbicides, and the resistance of soybean to sudden death syndrome was not changed with application of glyphosate.

Interannual variability of crop residue potential in the north central region of the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Chintala ◽  
Michael C. Wimberly ◽  
Gemechis D. Djira ◽  
Mirela G. Tulbure
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
The United States ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North

scholarly journals Occurrence of Bacterial Spot on Pumpkin and Squash Fruit in the North Central Region of the United States and Bacteria Associated with the Spots

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (12) ◽  
pp. 2377-2382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Liu ◽  
Abbasali Ravanlou ◽  
Mohammad Babadoost
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
North Central Region ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North

Since 2006, a bacterial spot disease has been widely observed on pumpkin and squash fruit in the North Central region (NCR) of the United States. Surveys were conducted during 2011 to 2013 to determine the occurrence of the disease on pumpkin and winter squash in the NCR. In each state, at least five commercial pumpkin and squash fields were visited each year within 3 weeks of harvest, and 60 fruit were inspected in each field. In nine states surveyed, 217 of 245 fields had fruit with bacterial spot. The average incidence of the symptomatic fruit in all pumpkin fields surveyed was 27.1, 30.3, and 25.3% in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The average incidence of fruit with bacterial spot in all squash fields surveyed was 20.2% in 2012 and 16.9% in 2013. The incidence of symptomatic fruit was more than 90% in some fields. Xanthomonas cucurbitae and non-X. cucurbitae bacteria were isolated from all of the symptomatic fruit collected. X. cucurbitae was identified based on colony characteristics on yeast extract-dextrose-CaCO3 agar, a polymerase chain reaction test using primers RST2 and RST3, and pathogenicity on pumpkin leaves. All X. cucurbitae isolates tested were pathogenic on ‘Howden’ pumpkin. In total, 312 non-X. cucurbitae isolates were identified into 10 genera based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. None of the non-X. cucurbitae isolates was pathogenic on Howden. In vitro studies of interactions between non-X. cucurbitae and X. cucurbitae showed that Pantoea isolates had antagonistic activity against X. cucurbitae. Identified Pantoea agglomerans showed the highest antagonistic activity against X. cucurbitae.

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