Plasma chemistry before and after two consecutive days of racing in sled dogs: associations between muscle damage and electrolyte status

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Frank ◽  
S. Mann ◽  
J. Johnson ◽  
C. Levine ◽  
R. Downey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Plasma Chemistry ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Biochemistry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strong Negative Association ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Exercising long distance endurance sled dogs display plasma biochemistry changes characterised by elevations in creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hypoproteinemia, hypoglobulinemia and decreases in sodium and potassium. The aim of this study was to compare resting to day 2 racing plasma biochemistry and associations between electrolytes and markers of muscle damage in well-conditioned sled dogs during a stage-stop race. Blood samples were obtained from 23 dogs prior to the start and on day 2, immediately after racing. Results showed significant decreases in potassium (day 0 – 4.7±0.3 and day 2 – 4.2±0.3 mEq/l), total protein (day 0 – 6.0±0.3 and day 2 – 5.5±0.4 g/dl) and albumin concentrations (day 0 – 3.9±0.2 and day 2 – 3.6±0.3 g/dl). Increases in AST (day 0 – 24±7 and day 2 – 137±97 U/l) and CK activities (day 0 – 129±39 and day 2 – 2,047±2,021 U/l) were also observed. Plasma sodium concentrations were not significantly different after day 2 of racing (day 0 – 153±5.2 and day 2 – 151±4.1). Alterations in plasma electrolytes, and increases in AST, CK, alanine aminotransferase and urea nitrogen were similar to those observed in long distance endurance sled dogs. A strong negative association was observed between plasma potassium and increases in plasma CK activity on day 2 (R2=0.69). The maintenance of sodium concentrations with a concurrent potassium decline, suggests sodium conservation via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway as previously shown in endurance sled dogs. The negative correlation between muscle damage and plasma potassium warrants further investigation regarding its relationship to rhabdomyolysis.

RENAL CLEARANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN HYPOTHERMIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Clearance Ratio ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The handling of sodium and potassium by the renal tubules at various levels of hypothermia was studied. Fourteen dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. After suitable control clearance measurements, the rectal temperature was lowered progressively by ice-packing to about 25 °C while renal clearances were continuously measured. Artificial respiration was not used. No change in plasma sodium was detected but plasma potassium fell significantly from a control value of 4.1 ± 0.09 meq/1. at 38 °C to 3.4 ± 0.12 meq/1. at 25 °C. Urine sodium concentration fell during exposure to cold while potassium concentration increased slightly. In spite of the marked fall in glomerular nitration rate (69.0 ± 3.1 ml/minute control to 17.0 ± 3.6 ml/minute at 25 °C) the final urine flow at 25 °C was slightly greater than that of control. The clearance ratios (in percentage) increased significantly, reflecting the marked decrease in tubular reabsorption: water, 0.49 ± 0.05 at 38 °C to 2.02 ± 0.25 at 25 °C; sodium, 0.47 ± 0.12 to 1.13 ± 0.27; potassium, 18.0 ± 2.6 to 54.0 ± 12.0. The difference in clearance ratio alterations is a reflection of the dissimilar effect of hypothermia on particular renal regulations.

Cation content of salt gland secretion and tears in the brolga, Grus rubicundus (Perry) (Aves : Gruidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Hughes ◽  
JG Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Salt Gland ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
First Report ◽  
Gland Size ◽  
Cation Content ◽  
Salt Gland Secretion ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

This is the first report of salt gland secretion in cranes (Gruidae). The sodium and potassium concentrations of the plasma, tears, salt gland secretion, and urine of the brolga were determined. Tear sodium was equal to plasma sodium; tear plasma was four times as concentrated as plasma potassium. These values were normal for tears. The salt gland secretion sodium concentration (about 300 m-equivll) was lower than that reported for other NaC1-injected birds. This may be due to the diet, small gland size, or to insufficient stress. The salt gland secretion to plasma ratios were the same for sodium and potassium. This is unusual. The urine had a lower sodium concentration than the plasma.

THE EFFECT OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE ON PLASMA SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Sréter ◽  
Sydney M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

After running a distance of 100 meters in 7 minutes, untrained rats showed a rise in plasma potassium and a fall in plasma sodium as measured in tail vein samples. These changes are in accord with in vitro observations of the effects of exercise on isolated muscle preparations and similarly are taken to indicate a gain of sodium and a loss of potassium by the exercised muscles in the whole animal. Within 10 minutes of completion of the exercise, plasma sodium concentration was restored to normal while potassium was restored within 20 minutes. Exercise was accompanied by a fall in haematocrit, which remained low for up to 40 minutes. A period of 2 months of preliminary training modified the response to exercise. In these trained animals, a fall in sodium concentration occurred as before but the rise in potassium concentration was less in degree and the haematocrit did not change. It is suggested that the rate of increase of plasma potassium is an index of muscle efficiency while the height of plasma potassium is correlated with the fatigue limit of exercise.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN THE HYPOTHERMIC RAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Sodium Plasma

Further observations on metabolic alterations in fasted rats cooled under ice to rectal temperatures approximating 15 °C are reported. In the hypothermic rats, metabolism of injected lactic acid does not appear to be impaired. There is however: increased concentration of inorganic phosphorus in blood but not in liver; increased concentration of glutathione in liver but not in blood; increased plasma chloride concentration; decreased red cell potassium concentration; increased red cell water content; decreased plasma water content. Hypothermia, under these conditions, did not alter concentrations of liver acid-extractable glycogen, red cell sodium, plasma sodium, plasma potassium, nor serum calcium. Administration of urea in saline prior to cooling elevated plasma sodium and potassium concentrations in hypothermic rats. These observations are discussed in relation to previously reported effects of hypothermia on carbohydrate metabolite levels.

scholarly journals Pre- and Post-Race Intestinal Microbiota in Long-Distance Sled Dogs and Associations with Performance

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Relling Tysnes ◽  
Inga Leena Angell ◽  
Iselin Fjellanger ◽  
Sigrid Drageset Larsen ◽  
Silje Rebekka Søfteland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Sled Dog ◽  
Strong Negative Association ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Although our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in different diseases is improving, our knowledge regarding how the gut microbiota affects functioning in healthy individuals is still limited. Here, we hypothesize that the gut microbiota could be associated with sled dog endurance-race performance. We investigated the gut microbiota in 166 fecal samples from 96 Alaskan Huskies, representing 16 teams participating in the 2016 Femund Race (400 km) in Norway, relating the microbiota composition to performance and metadata derived from questionnaires. For 16S rRNA gene sequencing-derived compositional data, we found a strong negative association between Enterobacteriaceae (dysbiosis-associated) and Clostridium hiranonis (normobiosis-associated). The teams with the best performances showed both the lowest levels of dysbiosis-associated bacteria prior to the race and the lowest change (decrease) in these bacteria after the race. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that normobiosis-associated bacteria are involved in resilience mechanisms, potentially preventing growth of Enterobacteriaceae during the race.

Effects of sodium and potassium salts with anions other than chloride on renin secretion in the dog

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. F10-F15
Author(s):  
G. A. Stephens ◽  
J. O. Davis ◽  
R. H. Freeman ◽  
B. E. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Lactate ◽  
Renin Secretion ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Venous Plasma

Intrarenal arterial infusions of sodium and potassium salts with anions other than chloride were given to evaluate the role of the chloride ion in influencing renin secretion (RS). The studies were conducted in dogs with thoracic caval constriction. Sodium lactate increased renal venous plasma sodium concentration (RVPNa) from 142 to 166 meq/liter (n, 6); RS decreased from 3,070 to 1,510 ng angiotensin/min (P less than 0.005). Arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow were not changed appreciably. Sodium excretion (ENa) increased, whereas chloride excretion (EC1) fell during the first three 15-min infusion periods. Potassium lactate increased renal venous plasma potassium concentration from 4.1 to 6.2 meq/liter (N, b). RS decreased during the first three 15-min periods of infusion (from 3,470 to 2,180 ng angiotensin/min, P less than 0.01). ENa and EC1 increased during the infusion. Potassium sulfate also decreased RS, and EC1 was usually increased. The results with sodium lactate favor a role for sodium compared with chloride in mediating the decreased renin release, but there are other possible interpretations which have been discussed. Additional studies are needed to resolve the role of chloride during potassium infusion.

RENAL CLEARANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN HYPOTHERMIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Clearance Ratio ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The handling of sodium and potassium by the renal tubules at various levels of hypothermia was studied. Fourteen dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. After suitable control clearance measurements, the rectal temperature was lowered progressively by ice-packing to about 25 °C while renal clearances were continuously measured. Artificial respiration was not used. No change in plasma sodium was detected but plasma potassium fell significantly from a control value of 4.1 ± 0.09 meq/1. at 38 °C to 3.4 ± 0.12 meq/1. at 25 °C. Urine sodium concentration fell during exposure to cold while potassium concentration increased slightly. In spite of the marked fall in glomerular nitration rate (69.0 ± 3.1 ml/minute control to 17.0 ± 3.6 ml/minute at 25 °C) the final urine flow at 25 °C was slightly greater than that of control. The clearance ratios (in percentage) increased significantly, reflecting the marked decrease in tubular reabsorption: water, 0.49 ± 0.05 at 38 °C to 2.02 ± 0.25 at 25 °C; sodium, 0.47 ± 0.12 to 1.13 ± 0.27; potassium, 18.0 ± 2.6 to 54.0 ± 12.0. The difference in clearance ratio alterations is a reflection of the dissimilar effect of hypothermia on particular renal regulations.

Platelet catecholamine contents as related to trait anxiety and aerobic fitness

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. E245-E249 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Van Faassen ◽  
C. Popp-Snijders ◽  
J. J. Nauta ◽  
G. van Zijderveld ◽  
L. J. van Doornen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Sympathoadrenal Activity ◽  
Before And After

Platelet catecholamines (CA) are derived from plasma and are considered as a cumulative index of sympathoadrenal activity. We investigated whether trait anxiety (TA) and aerobic fitness, two interrelated long-term determinants of sympathoadrenal activity, affect platelet CA concentration as measured in rest and after acute increments of plasma epinephrine (Epi). For that purpose, platelet CA were measured 15 min before and after Epi infusion (5-160 ng.kg-1.min-1, increased in 6 steps) in 45 healthy male students with high (n = 21) and low (n = 24) TA, of whom maximal aerobic power (VO2max) was assessed. Plasma CA and electrolytes were measured during each infusion rate. Epi infusion significantly raised platelet Epi by 67% and decreased platelet and plasma norepinephrine (NE) by 23 and 17%. Plasma potassium significantly decreased by 32% and plasma sodium slightly increased. Platelet Epi increase was inversely related to basal platelet Epi (r = -0.58, P less than 0.001). Platelet NE decrease was positively associated with basal platelet NE and plasma potassium levels (r = 0.50, P less than 0.01). TA and VO2max were not related to basal levels and responses of electrolytes and platelet NE. VO2max was correlated with platelet Epi increase in low TA (r = 0.62, P = 0.002), whereas no such relationship existed in high TA (r = 0.008). We conclude that fitness positively influences platelet Epi accumulation, but that high TA interferes with this relationship.

scholarly journals Serum chemistry and electrolyte alterations in sled dogs before and after a 1600 km race: dietary sodium and hyponatraemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Ermon ◽  
Molly Yazwinski ◽  
Justin G. Milizio ◽  
Joseph J. Wakshlag
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Serum Potassium ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

AbstractSled dogs are known to develop numerous serum biochemical changes due to endurance exercise. Previous studies have suggested that mild hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia can develop during endurance racing. The aim of the present study was to determine if serum biochemical alterations are similar to previous reports, and if electrolyte alterations are still present with present feeding practices utilised by mushers. Serum chemistries were obtained from 26 Alaskan Huskies belonging to 3 different teams, before and after a 1600 km race. Meals and snacks were analysed via calculation to determine daily macronutrient and electrolyte intake. Numerous biochemical alterations were observed including significant differences in serum total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, TAG, NEFA and urea nitrogen (P < 0·05). Serum electrolyte status revealed a mild, yet significant decrease in serum sodium (P = 0·002); and serum potassium was not significantly different (P = 0·566). Further examination of the sodium intake across the three teams revealed two teams with an average daily intake of approximately 8·5 g/dog/d (700 mg/4184 kJ) and the other team consuming 11·1 g/dog/d (1200 mg/4184 kJ). Regression analysis shows a significant modest positive correlation between serum sodium decrease and sodium intake per metabolic body weight of the dogs, as well as a modest positive correlation between sodium intake and serum potassium implicating the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system as a major factor involved in sodium and potassium homoeostasis. These findings suggest that consumption of approximately 0·9 g/kg0·75 (1·2 g/4184 kJ) of sodium per d may prevent exercise-induced decreases in sodium and potassium.

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