scholarly journals The methanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa) reduces body weight and food intake, and improves lipid profiles by altering the lipid metabolism: a rat model

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 437-448
Author(s):  
Wai Feng LIM ◽  
Suriati Mohd NASIR ◽  
Lay Kek TEH ◽  
Richard Johari JAMES ◽  
Mohd Hafidz Mohd IZHAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Repeated Dose Toxicity ◽  
Lower Weight Gain

Garcinia species are widely used for their slimming effects via increased fat burning and suppression of satiety. However, scientific evidence for the biological effects of Garcinia atroviridis (GA) is lacking. We investigated the phytochemical composition, safety profiles, and antioxidant and antiobesity effects of methanolic extracts of Garcinia atroviridis (MeGa) in obese female rats. Repeated dose toxicity studies were conducted according to the OECD guidelines. Upon sacrifice, haematological, biochemical, lipid profile, and serum-based metabolomics analyses were performed to evaluate metabolic expression changes and their related pathways. MeGa contains several phytochemical groups and GA fruit acids. MeGa was found to be nontoxic in both male and female rats with an oral lethal dose (LD50) of 2000 mg/kg. After 9 weeks of treatment, MeGa-treated obese rats had lower weight gain and better lipid profiles (cholesterol and triglyceride), which correlated with the altered metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of lipid (glycerophospholipid) and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid. In addition, MeGa caused differential metabolism pathways of arachidonic acid and tryptophan that affect the inflammatory response and suppression of appetite. We concluded that MeGa is safe, and its slimming effects are due to the differential metabolism of lipids

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 131I AND 125I ISOTOPES OF IODINE IN THE RAT

1976 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. DONIACH ◽  
D. J. SHALE
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Radioiodine Uptake ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Serum Tsh

SUMMARY From the differences in radiation profiles between 131I and 125I isotopes of iodine it would be expected that they would show different effects on thyroid function. The differences should lead to lower rates of thyroid gland destruction with 125I and hence less post-irradiation hypothyroidism. This difference in biological effect has been demonstrated in rats by indirect assessment of thyroid function. In this report the long-term effects of a range of similar doses of 131I and 125I were compared, in male and female rats, by direct assessment of thyroid function. Seventeen months after receiving 25 and 125 μCi of 131I, male and female rats showed significant elevation of serum TSH concentration and a reduction in 3 h radioiodine uptake. Rats receiving 1 and 5 μCi of 131I and all doses of 125I showed no significant changes in thyroid function. These findings confirm the previously reported differences in effect between the 131I and 125I isotopes of iodine in the rat.

Acute Oral Safety Study of Sodium Caseinate Glycosylated via Maillard Reaction with Galactose in Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-479
Author(s):  
ARTURO ANADÓN ◽  
MARIA A. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
IRMA ARES ◽  
VICTOR CASTELLANO ◽  
MARIA R. MARTÍNEZ-LARRAÑAGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Safety Study ◽  
Male And Female Rats

In order to potentially use sodium caseinate (SC) glycated with galactose (Gal) in the food industry as a new functional ingredient with proved technological and biological properties, an evaluation of oral acute toxicity has been carried out. An acute safety study with SC-Gal glycoconjugates in the Wistar rat with a single oral gavage dose of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight was conducted. The SC-Gal glycoconjugates were well tolerated; no adverse effects or mortality was observed during the 2-week observation period. No abnormal signs, behavioral changes, body weight changes, or alterations in food and water consumption occurred. After this period, no changes in hematological and serum chemistry parameters, organ weights, or gross pathology or histopathology were detected. It was concluded that SC-Gal glycoconjugates obtained via the Maillard reaction were well tolerated in rats at an acute oral dose of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight. The SC-Gal glycoconjugates have a low order of acute toxicity, and the oral 50% lethal dose for male and female rats is in excess of 2,000 mg/kg of body weight.

scholarly journals Chronic Developmental Lead Exposure increases μ-Opiate Receptor Levels in the Adolescent Rat Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris Albores-Garcia ◽  
Jennifer L McGlothan ◽  
Zoran Bursac ◽  
Tomás R. Guilarte
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Brain

AbstractOpioid use and abuse has reached epidemic proportion in the United States resulting in a significant numbers of deaths due to overdose. While environmental factors are implicated in opioid addiction, less is known about the role of exposure to environmental pollutants on the brain opioid system. Human and preclinical studies have suggested an association between childhood lead (Pb2+) intoxication and proclivity to substance abuse and delinquent behavior. Opioid receptors are involved in the biological effects of opioids and other drugs of abuse. In this study, we examine the effect of chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure on μ-opioid receptor (MOR) levels in the rat brain using [3H]-D-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly-ol5 enkephalin ([3H]-DAMGO) quantitative receptor autoradiography.Our results indicate that chronic developmental Pb2+ exposure increases the levels of [3H]-DAMGO specific binding to MOR in several limbic regions of the brain in male and female rats during the pre-adolescence (PN14) and early-adolescence (PN28) period. These changes were less pronounced in late-adolescence (PN50) and adult (PN120) animals. Our findings are important because the pre-adolescence and early adolescence period is a time in which there is higher engagement in reward and drug seeking behaviors in humans.In summary, we show that chronic exposure to Pb2+ an ubiquitous and well-known environmental contaminant and neurotoxicant, alters MOR levels in brain regions associated with addiction circuits in the adolescent period with important implications to opioid drug use and abuse.

scholarly journals Transaminase enzymes and lipid profiles and histological changes in Wistar rats after administration of bintangur (Calophyllum soulattri) leaves ethanolic extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
INARAH FAJRIATY ◽  
PRATIWI APRIDAMAYANTI ◽  
SUCI PUTRI RAHMAWANI ◽  
ABDURRACHMAN ABDURRACHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Fajriaty I, Apridamayanti P, Rahmawani SP, Abdurrachman. 2018. Transaminase enzymes and lipid profiles and histological changes in Wistar rats after administration of bintangur (Calophyllum soulattri) leaves ethanolic extract. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 27- 35. Bintangur (Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F) can be found in West Kalimantan and traditionally used as a medicine for treatment of wounds, inflammation, and rheumatism. Bintangur contains terpene derivatives, xanthones, coumarins, steroid derivatives, flavonoid and also saponins. The present study was conducted to determine the in vivo effect of oral administration of bintangur leaves ethanolic extract (BLEE) on transaminase and lipid profiles and histological changes in experimental rats. Eighty-four Wistar rats were divided into six groups; each group consisted of seven male and seven female rats. The first group was applied with CMC-Na 1% as a control. The second, third, and fourth group were applied with 100 mg kg-1 BW, 400 mg kg-1 BW, 1000 mg kg-1 BW dose of BLEE respectively. The fifth and sixth group were the satellite for assessment of reversibility, persistence or delayed effects. The animals were given extract once daily for 28 days, while for the satellite groups still observed until 14 days. At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed, and the blood and organs were collected for biochemical and histological examination. The result showed that BLEE increased transaminase profile, ALT, and AST, with the highest increase in 400 mg kg-1 BW dose. But a significant increase (p<0.05) only found in AST profile of 400 mg kg-1 BW dose in female rats. In lipid profile, BLEE did not affect cholesterol total, but caused significant decrease (p<0.05) in triglyceride profile of 1000 mg kg-1 BW dose in male and female rats. In the histological assessment, obvious histological changes were observed in liver and heart. There had necrosis of hepatocytes cells of male and female rats with obvious changes in 1000 mg kg-1 BW dose and congestion of central vein of male rats in 400 mg kg-1 BW dose and 1000 mg kg-1 BW dose. In heart muscle fibers showed an irregular structure in 1000 mg kg-1 BW dose of female rats. While observation of spleen showed no harmful changes in all groups. The conclusion of this study showed BLEE increase transaminase profile and some damaging effect on the liver and heart organ of Wistar rat but should be considered as an herbal medicine with potential effect as antihypertriglyceridemia.

scholarly journals General and Genetic Toxicology of Guayusa Concentrate (Ilex guayusa)

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Kapp ◽  
Odete Mendes ◽  
Shambhu Roy ◽  
Robert S. McQuate ◽  
Richard Kraska
Keyword(s):  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Genetic Toxicology ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Tea from the leaves of guayusa ( Ilex guayusa) has a long history of consumption by Ecuadorian natives in regions where the plant is indigenous. The tea contains the methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine as well as chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and sugars. Various studies were performed to evaluate the general and genetic toxicology of a standardized liquid concentrate of guayusa (GC). Guayusa concentrate was found to be negative in in vitro genotoxicity tests including the Ames test and a chromosome aberration study in human lymphocytes. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of GC was >5,000 mg/kg for female rats. Guayusa concentrate was administered to male and female rats in a 90-day subchronic study at 1,200, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/d of GC and a caffeine-positive control at 150 mg/kg/d corresponding to the amount of caffeine in the high-dose GC group. Effects observed in the GC-treated groups were comparable to those in the caffeine control group and included reductions in body weights, food efficiency, triglycerides values, and fat pad weights and increases in blood chemistry values for serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum alanine aminotransferase, and cholesterol and adaptive salivary gland hypertrophy. No signs of incremental toxicity due to any other components of guayusa were observed. The studies indicate no harmful effects of GC in these test systems.

scholarly journals Safety and toxicological evaluation of NXT15906F6 (TamaFlex®)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 239784731774924
Author(s):  
Vladimir Badmaev ◽  
Hogne Vik ◽  
Sidney J Stohs ◽  
Frank Galluzzo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Male And Female Rats

NXT15906F6 (TamaFlex®) is a food-derived herbal composition with synergistic anti-inflammatory properties and the potential to improve muscle–skeletal function in healthy populations. NXT15906F6 contains standardized ethanol/aqueous extracts of Tamarindus indica seeds and an ethanol extract of Curcuma longa rhizome in a 2:1 ratio. The present study was conducted to evaluate the broad-spectrum safety of NXT15906F6. All studies were conducted in compliance with good laboratory practice requirements and followed Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. The acute oral and acute dermal lethal dose of NXT15906F6 was greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats. NXT15906F6 was classified as nonirritating to the skin and as a mild irritant to the eyes of New Zealand white rabbits. A repeated-dose 90-day subchronic study in Wistar rats was conducted. Groups of animals ( n = 20, 10 male and 10 female) were orally supplemented with 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day of NXT15906F6 for 90 days. In parallel, two separate groups of animals ( n = 10, five male and five female) were gavaged with 0 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of NXT15906F6 for 90 days and observed for another 28 days. No morbidity, mortality, or significant adverse events were observed during the study or the follow-up phase. The no observed adverse effect level for NXT15906F6 was 1000 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats. A bacterial reverse mutation test and an in vivo mouse bone marrow erythrocyte micronucleus test showed that the NXT15906F6 herbal blend is nonmutagenic and nongenotoxic. In summary, the safety studies conducted in various models demonstrate the broad-spectrum safety of NXT15906F6.

Toxicity of the Hydroethanolic Leaves Extract of Duranta erecta L. in Rat Models

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadrack Donkor ◽  
Christopher Larbie ◽  
Gustav Komlaga ◽  
Benjamin Obukowho Emikpe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Group I ◽  
Body Weight Increase ◽  
Kidney Liver

Background and Objectives: Duranta erecta is used in folklore medicine for the treatment of myriad of diseases in Africa. The study was carried out to evaluate the safety of hydroethanolic leaves extract of D. erecta in experimental rats in order to ascertain its potential toxic effects. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity study was performed by fixed dose method at 5000 mg/kg. In the subacute study performed on both male and female rats, group I (control) received 1 mL of freshly distilled water, groups II, III, IV were treated with 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of freshly prepared extract respectively for 28 days. At the end of the study, haematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Internal organs (kidney, liver, lung, heart, spleen, stomach, testes and uterus) were weighed. Results: 50% lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined to be > 5 g/kg body weight. The subacute toxicity assessment resulted in overall body weight increase, a change in relative organ weight of the liver, lung, stomach, and changes in the haematological indices such as HCT%, LYM%, RDW- SD/fL, MCHC, MCV/fL, P-LCR% and biochemical parameters namely ALT, AST, LDH and creatinine of the tested group relative to the normal. The positive activity of the extract on liver enzymes and LDH is an indication of its good hepatoprotective potential. Conclusion: The results affirmed that the extract is safe but could cause kidney problems when used for a prolonged period.

Monosodium glutamate administration early in life alters pineal melatonin nocturnal profile in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Janaína B Garcia ◽  
Fernanda G Do Amaral ◽  
Daniela C Buonfiglio ◽  
Rafaela FA Vendrame ◽  
Patrícia L Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Pineal Melatonin ◽  
Melatonin Synthesis ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Melatonin Production

The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin exclusively at night, which gives melatonin the characteristic of a temporal synchronizer of the physiological systems. Melatonin is a regulator of insulin activities centrally and also peripherally and its synthesis is reduced in diabetes.  Since monosodium glutamate (MSG) is often used to induce the type 2 diabetic and metabolic syndrome in animal models, the purpose of this work is to evaluate the potential effects of MSG given to neonates on the pineal melatonin synthesis in different aged male and female rats. Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with MSG (4mg/g/day) or saline solution (0.9%) from the second to eighth post-natal day. The circadian profiles both melatonin levels and AANAT activity were monitored at different ages. Body weight, naso-anal length, adipose tissues weight, GTT, ITT and serum insulin levels were also evaluated. Typical obesity with the neonatal MSG treatment was observed, indicated by a great increase in adipose depots without a concurrent increase in body weight. MSG treatment did not cause hyperglycemia or glucose intolerance, but induced insulin resistance. An increase of melatonin synthesis at ZT 15 with phase advance was observed in in some animals. The AANAT activity was positively parallel to the melatonin circadian profile. It seems that MSG causes hypothalamic obesity which may increase AANAT activity and melatonin production in pineal gland. These effects were not temporally correlated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia indicating the hypothalamic lesions, particularly in arcuate nucleus induced by MSG in early age, as the principal cause of the increase in melatonin production.

THE PITUITARY AND ADRENAL RESPONSES TO ADMINISTRATION OF OESTRIOL IN GONADECTOMIZED RATS

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Borglin ◽  
L. Bjersing
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Physiological Significance ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

ABSTRACT Oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16α,17β-triol) is a weakly oestrogenic substance which, however, in contrast to what was formerly believed, is of physiological significance. Its effect is localized largely to the uterine cervix and vagina. Clinical experience argues both for and against an effect on the pituitary gland. This investigation is concerned with the morphological changes in the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex of gonadectomized male and female rats after the injection of oestriol. It was found that oestriol has the same type of action on these glands as other oestrogens, but under the experimental conditions used, this effect proved much weaker than that produced by oestradiol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol).

INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jolín ◽  
M. J. Tarin ◽  
M. D. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

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