scholarly journals An annotated checklist of the eukaryotic parasites of humans, exclusive of fungi and algae

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1069 ◽  
pp. 1-313
Author(s):  
Blaine A. Mathison ◽  
Sarah G. H. Sapp
Keyword(s):  
Species Group ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Annotated Checklist

The classification of “parasites” in the medical field is a challenging notion, a group which historically has included all eukaryotes exclusive of fungi that invade and derive resources from the human host. Since antiquity, humans have been identifying and documenting parasitic infections, and this collective catalog of parasitic agents has expanded considerably with technology. As our understanding of species boundaries and the use of molecular tools has evolved, so has our concept of the taxonomy of human parasites. Consequently, new species have been recognized while others have been relegated to synonyms. On the other hand, the decline of expertise in classical parasitology and limited curricula have led to a loss of awareness of many rarely encountered species. Here, we provide a comprehensive checklist of all reported eukaryotic organisms (excluding fungi and allied taxa) parasitizing humans resulting in 274 genus-group taxa and 848 species-group taxa. For each species, or genus where indicated, a concise summary of geographic distribution, natural hosts, route of transmission and site within human host, and vectored pathogens are presented. Ubiquitous, human-adapted species as well as very rare, incidental zoonotic organisms are discussed in this annotated checklist. We also provide a list of 79 excluded genera and species that have been previously reported as human parasites but are not believed to be true human parasites or represent misidentifications or taxonomic changes.

scholarly journals Annotated checklist of weevils from the Papuan region (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1536 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY P. SETLIFF
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Family Group ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
New Synonym ◽  
Taxonomic Changes ◽  
Annotated Checklist

The following checklist includes 2,955 species-group names and 553 genus-group names of weevils occurring in the Papuan region. Major islands treated are: Aru, Biak, Bougainville, Manus, Mysol, New Guinea, Salawatti, Trobriand, Waigeo, Woodlark, and Yapen Islands and the islands of the Admiralty, Bismarck, d’Entrecasteaux, and Louisaide Archipelagoes. Maps of the region with historically important collection localities are provided. Entomological expeditions to the region and collections containing significant weevil material are summarized. All available family-group, genusgroup and species-group names are arranged alphabetically for all families of Curculionoidea known from the region. All currently accepted species epithet are annotated with taxonomic references, notes on published distributions, past taxonomic changes, infrasubspecific names, and species-group synonymies. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: the monotypic genus Neplaxa Casey is a new synonym of Pantoxystus Pascoe; its type species Neplaxa illustratus Casey is a new synonym of Pantoxystus rubricollis (Boisduval). Two subgenera of Neosynaptops, Neosynaptopsis Legalov and Pseudosynaptos Legalov are new synonymies of Euops (Neosynaptops) Voss revised status. Typespecies are designated for 25 genera, changes of rank or status are proposed for 19 taxa, and 88 new combinations are listed in “Nomenclatural changes.”

Discovery of New Genera Challenges the Subtribal Classification of Tok-Tok Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Sepidiini)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia M Gearner ◽  
Marcin J Kamiński ◽  
Kojun Kanda ◽  
Kali Swichtenberg ◽  
Aaron D Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Darkling Beetles ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Abstract Sepidiini is a speciose tribe of desert-inhabiting darkling beetles, which contains a number of poorly defined taxonomic groups and is in need of revision at all taxonomic levels. In this study, two previously unrecognized lineages were discovered, based on morphological traits, among the extremely speciose genera Psammodes Kirby, 1819 (164 species and subspecies) and Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870 (144 species and subspecies), namely the Psammodes spinosus species-group and Ocnodes humeralis species-group. In order to test their phylogenetic placement, a phylogeny of the tribe was reconstructed based on analyses of DNA sequences from six nonoverlapping genetic loci (CAD, wg, COI JP, COI BC, COII, and 28S) using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. The aforementioned, morphologically defined, species-groups were recovered as distinct and well-supported lineages within Molurina + Phanerotomeina and are interpreted as independent genera, respectively, Tibiocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. and Tuberocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. A new species, Tuberocnodes synhimboides Gearner & Kamiński sp. nov., is also described. Furthermore, as the recovered phylogenetic placement of Tibiocnodes and Tuberocnodes undermines the monophyly of Molurina and Phanerotomeina, an analysis of the available diagnostic characters for those subtribes is also performed. As a consequence, Phanerotomeina is considered as a synonym of the newly redefined Molurina sens. nov. Finally, spectrograms of vibrations produced by substrate tapping of two Molurina species, Toktokkus vialis (Burchell, 1822) and T. synhimboides, are presented.

scholarly journals Species Boundaries and Molecular Markers for the Classification of 16SrI Phytoplasmas Inferred by Genome Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Ting Cho ◽  
Hung-Jui Kung ◽  
Weijie Huang ◽  
Saskia A. Hogenhout ◽  
Chih-Horng Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Species Boundaries

scholarly journals Myxomycetes of Coron Island and additions to the Myxomycetes of Palawan group of islands in the Philippines

Karstenia ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Sittie Aisha B. Macabago ◽  
Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz ◽  
Steven L. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
New Record ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Annotated Checklist

The main objective of the research reported herein is to present an annotated checklist generated from the first survey of myxomycetes in the limestone forests of Coron Island in the province of Palawan, Philippines. A total of 25 morphotaxa were identified from specimens isolated in the laboratory from samples of ground leaf litter, twigs, and vines (lianas) collected from five sites along the coasts and inland forests of Coron Island. Among the identified taxa one (<em>Badhamia macrocarpa</em>) was a new record for the country, while another was temporarily assigned to the genus <em>Perichaena</em> (Trichiida: Trichiidae) until the proper classification of the specimen could be determined. In addition, the present study brings the updated total number of records of myxomycetes for the Palawan group of islands to 56 morphospecies.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Plasma Proteins from Twenty-Nine Species of Albatrosses And Petrels (Order Procellariiformes)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter C Harper
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Conservatism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biochemical Research

<p>The plasma proteins of 29 species of albatrosses and petrels were electrophoretically separated in acrylamide gels to clarify relationships at the species-group to family-group levels. Little in the resulting data from 472 birds seriously contests the present classification of the Procellariiformes; much of the biochemical evidence supports, confirms, and clarifies the proposals of conventional taxonomic methodology. The biochemical data give fresh insights into the interrelationships of procellariiform taxa, and highlight intriguing new problems. Sex, season, age, and other sources of non-genetic protein variation are insignificant for taxonomic purposes. Proteins of comparable value include the transferrins, some α and β globulins, albumins, prealbumins, and non-specific esterases. Genetic variations in the mobility of these proteins are useful at the genus-group level and below. Other proteins are monomorphic at genus and family level, and three are monomorphic in both number and mobility throughout the Procellariiformes; these are useful reference points for calibrating samples on different gels. One conspicuous α protein is absent in the Hydrobatidae but present in all other families; the implications of this are discussed. Polymorphic proteins at the population or species level were not detected; this conspicuous phylogenetic conservatism is discussed with regard to its possible evolutionary significance. Following a summary of the protein data; three categories of, defined probability statements, based on the biochemical and other evidence, allow speculative comment on the evolutionary relationships and history of the taxa within the Procellariiformes. The value of further biochemical research into the marine birds is emphasised.</p>

scholarly journals Taxonomic patterns in the zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex D. Washburne ◽  
Daniel E. Crowley ◽  
Daniel J. Becker ◽  
Kevin J. Olival ◽  
Matthew Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Coarse Graining ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Taxonomic Patterns

Predicting and simplifying which pathogens may spill over from animals to humans is a major priority in infectious disease biology. Many efforts to determine which viruses are at risk of spillover use a subset of viral traits to find trait-based associations with spillover. We adapt a new method—phylofactorization—to identify not traits but lineages of viruses at risk of spilling over. Phylofactorization is used to partition the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses viral taxonomy based on non-human host range of viruses and whether there exists evidence the viruses have infected humans. We identify clades on a range of taxonomic levels with high or low propensities to spillover, thereby simplifying the classification of zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses. Phylofactorization by whether a virus is zoonotic yields many disjoint clades of viruses containing few to no representatives that have spilled over to humans. Phylofactorization by non-human host breadth yields several clades with significantly higher host breadth. We connect the phylogenetic factors above with life-histories of clades, revisit trait-based analyses, and illustrate how cladistic coarse-graining of zoonotic potential can refine trait-based analyses by illuminating clade-specific determinants of spillover risk.

scholarly journals Overview and revision of the extant genera and subgenera of Trogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner P. Strümpher ◽  
Martin H. Villet ◽  
Catherine L. Sole ◽  
Clarke H. Scholtz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Generic Rank ◽  
The Family ◽  
Taxonomic Changes

Extant genera and subgenera of the Trogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) are reviewed. Contemporary classifications of this family have been based exclusively on morphological characters. The first molecular phylogeny for the family recently provided strong support for the relationships between morphologically defined genera and subgenera. On the basis of morphological, molecular and biogeographical evidence, certain taxonomic changes to the genus-level classification of the family are now proposed. The family is confirmed as consisting of two subfamilies, Omorginae Nikolajev and Troginae MacLeay, the former with two genera,OmorgusErichson andPolynoncusBurmeister, and the latter with two genera,TroxFabricius andPhoberusMacLeaystat. rev.Phoberusis restored to generic rank to include all Afrotropical (including Madagascan endemic) species;Afromorgusis confirmed at subgeneric rank within the genusOmorgus; and the monotypic Madagascan genusMadagatroxsyn. n.is synonymised withPhoberus.The current synonymies ofPseudotroxRobinson (withTrox),ChesasBurmeister,LagopelusBurmeister andMegalotroxPreudhomme de Borre (all withOmorgus) are all accepted to avoid creating speculative synonyms before definitive phylogenetic evidence is available. New combinations resulting from restoringPhoberusto a monophyletic genus are listed in Appendix A.

Parasitic Infections

2012 ◽  
pp. 190-217
Author(s):  
Jon E. Rosenblatt ◽  
Bobbi S. Pritt
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Blastocystis Hominis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Parasitic Worms

This chapter covers protozoa, helminths, and arthropods. 1. Protozoa are single-celled, microscopic eukaryotic organisms like amebae and Giardia. Helminths are parasitic worms including nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). Arthropods, like ticks and mites, are generally considered parasites. Specific organisms reviewed include Giardia lamblia, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium falciparum, Babesia microti, and Toxoplasma gondii. Diagnosis and treatment of different types of infection are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Using Color to Define Species Boundaries: Quantitative Analysis in the Orchard Oriole Complex Supports the Recognition of two Species

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynna M. Kiere ◽  
Christopher M. Hofmann ◽  
Ian E. Tracy ◽  
Thomas W. Cronin ◽  
Jeff Leips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Plumage Color ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Reflectance Spectrometry ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Molecular Studies

Abstract Abstract. The recent divergence of Orchard (Icterus spurius spurius) and Fuertes's Orioles (I. s. fuertesi) makes them an ideal system for investigating species boundaries. Orchard and Fuertes's Orioles differ in several respects. They have distinct breeding ranges—Fuertes's Orioles breed in eastern coastal Mexico, whereas Orchard Orioles breed throughout eastern and central North America—and differ in plumage coloration, with adult male Orchard Orioles appearing “chestnut” and Fuertes's Orioles “ochre.” However, no detailed quantitative color analyses have been conducted. To characterize these differences we quantitatively measured plumage color using reflectance spectrometry. The colored plumages of adult male Orchard and Fuertes's Orioles have unique spectral characteristics, with no color overlap between them. Combined with life history differences and previous molecular studies, these findings support the classification of Orchard and Fuertes's Orioles as separate species. Additionally, this study demonstrates the utility of quantitative color measurement as a tool for examining species boundaries.

scholarly journals Colobopsis explodens sp. n., model species for studies on “exploding ants” (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with biological notes and first illustrations of males of the Colobopsis cylindrica group

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 751 ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Laciny ◽  
Herbert Zettel ◽  
Alexey Kopchinskiy ◽  
Carina Pretzer ◽  
Anna Pal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Mandibular Gland ◽  
Species Group ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Taxonomic Description ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Taxonomic Changes

A taxonomic description of all castes of Colobopsisexplodens Laciny &amp; Zettel, sp. n. from Borneo, Thailand, and Malaysia is provided, which serves as a model species for biological studies on “exploding ants” in Southeast Asia. The new species is a member of the Colobopsiscylindrica (COCY) group and falls into a species complex that has been repeatedly summarized under the name Colobopsissaundersi (Emery, 1889) (formerly Camponotussaundersi). The COCY species group is known under its vernacular name “exploding ants” for a unique behaviour: during territorial combat, workers of some species sacrifice themselves by rupturing their gaster and releasing sticky and irritant contents of their hypertrophied mandibular gland reservoirs to kill or repel rivals. This study includes first illustrations and morphometric characterizations of males of the COCY group: Colobopsisexplodens Laciny &amp; Zettel, sp. n. and Colobopsisbadia (Smith, 1857). Characters of male genitalia and external morphology are compared with other selected taxa of Camponotini. Preliminary notes on the biology of C.explodens Laciny &amp; Zettel, sp. n. are provided. To fix the species identity of the closely related C.badia, a lectotype from Singapore is designated. The following taxonomic changes within the C.saundersi complex are proposed: Colobopsissolenobia (Menozzi, 1926), syn. n. and Colobopsistrieterica (Menozzi, 1926), syn. n. are synonymized with Colobopsiscorallina Roger, 1863, a common endemic species of the Philippines. Colobopsissaginata Stitz, 1925, stat. n., hitherto a subspecies of C.badia, is raised to species level.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document