scholarly journals Grazing and Orthoptera: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Biological Component ◽  
Bush Crickets

Orthoptera are an important biological component of grasslands as a crucial link in the food chain. Grazing, either by wild animals or livestock for human food production, exerts considerable influence on the Orthoptera of grasslands. For example, grazing prevents succession of open grasslands to scrub and forest, creates heterogeneity in sward height, and provides patches of bare earth through the action of livestock hooves breaking the vegetative cover. Grazing may also interact with other forms of grassland management such as burning to produce quite complex interactions which vary greatly between regions and Orthoptera species. Threats to grassland Orthoptera include overgrazing; conversely, abandonment of grazing can lead to the loss of open habitats vital to many species. It is important to have ungrazed areas to provide refuges for species negatively affected by grazing. Rotational management – moving domestic livestock between different pastures – will also allow a range of sward structures to develop over a landscape. The over-arching principle for grazing management should be to establish a heterogeneous sward with a range of sward heights and bare earth for oviposition/basking. In more extensive systems, patches of scrub can form habitat of woody vegetation for species such as bush crickets. The greatest diversity of habitats should provide the highest species richness.

Grazing behaviour and pattern of intake of dairy cows grazing kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass pastures in relation to sward height and length of grazing session

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
K. Sinclair ◽  
G. N. Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Strip Grazing

To investigate how grazing time, herbage dry matter intake (DMI) and intake rate (IR) are influenced by intensive grazing management, dairy cows strip-grazing subtropical grass pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum) at two compressed sward heights (10 and 13 cm) and at five grazing durations (1, 2, 4, 8 and 15 h) and replicated over 3 days were studied. The study was conducted in summer and the cows were observed every 20 min from 1600 to 0700 hours to calculate the time spent (min/h) grazing, ruminating and resting. Total time spent grazing was 45 min longer for cows grazing the 13-cm sward than for those grazing the 10-cm sward over the 15-h grazing period. The rate of increase in grazing time was 0.64 h/h grazing duration up to 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture. IR of cows grazing the 13-cm sward was significantly higher than those grazing the 10-cm sward (0.17 v. 0.12 kg DM/min spent grazing). The difference in IRs between sward height treatments resulted from the higher DMI in the 13-cm sward within the first 4 h of grazing compared with the 10-cm sward, although following the first 4-h grazing period IR was similar for both sward heights. Grazing time increased with sward height up to a maximum of 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture and had also maximised herbage DMI by this time. These results have important practical implications for dairy cow grazing management systems because they show that dairy managers could remove cows after 4 h with little compromise in production and will help in developing optimum supplementary feeding strategies when pasture availability limits DMI.

"What a Thing, then, is this Cow...": Positioning Domestic Livestock Animals in the Texts and Practices of Small-Scale "Self-Sufficiency"

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Domestic Food

AbstractThis paper focuses on the positioning of animals other than human in the texts and practices of two versions of small-scale food "self-sufficiency" in Britain. The paper discusses the writings of Cobbett (1822/1926, 1830/1985) and Seymour (1960s/1970s) on self-sufficiency, suggesting that livestock animals are central, in a number of ways, to the constitution of these modes of self-sufficiency. First, animals are situated in both the texts and in the practicing of self-sufficiency regarded as essential parts of the economies and ecologies of small-scale food production. Second, animals' parts in these authors' criticisms of wider social, economic and political conditions supplement their role in small-scale domestic food supply. Animals become associated with a morality of human behavior and lifestyle and are part of the broader social critiques that the writing and practicing of these modes of self-sufficiency imply. These historically and geographically specific versions of self-sufficiency are valuable in defining and enacting possible alternative modes of human-animal relation in the context of food production.

scholarly journals New-generative agriculture – based on science, informed by research and honed by New Zealand farmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Rowarth ◽  
Michael Manning ◽  
Ants Roberts ◽  
Warren King
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Regenerative Agriculture

Highlights Regenerative agriculture is being promoted as a way to produce food sustainably while building soil carbon under high residual rotational grazing and minimising environmental impact. Research indicates that the environmental impact of conventional agricultural systems is generally lower than for alternative systems per unit of food production and sometimes per hectare. Soil carbon is higher under well-managed intensive grazing than under extensively managed systems. Adopting non-optimal grazing management decreases pasture quality and increases GHG and N losses. New Zealand has developed optimal rotational grazing and has soils with high organic-matter contents. Rather than adopting a concept developed overseas which has a fluid definition, New Zealand could promote New-generative agriculture… encapsulating what is already being done.

scholarly journals Upland Bare Ground and Riparian Vegetative Cover Under Strategic Grazing Management, Continuous Stocking, and Multiyear Rest in New Mexico Mid-grass Prairie

Rangelands ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Danvir ◽  
Gregg Simonds ◽  
Eric Sant ◽  
Eric Thacker ◽  
Randy Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Bare Ground

Some consequences of imposing different continuousgrazing pressures in the spring on tiller demography and leaf growth

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. B. Tallowin ◽  
J. H. H. Williams ◽  
F. W. Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Common

SummaryThe effects of different severities of continuous grazing imposed during the spring, followed by a uniform continuous grazing management from mid-summer onwards, were examined in relation to changes in tiller demography and leaf growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Two grazing severities were imposed, based upon maintaining a constant sward height of either 35 mm (severe) or 75 mm (lenient). From 1 June onwards, a uniform grazing pressure with a sward height of 60 mm was imposed.Differences in the age class structure of the tiller populations developed during the spring between the two grazing treatments, principally through the suppression of daughter tiller development under the more lenient grazing. The demographic differences between the treatments were further increased during the remainder of the grazing season, under the common grazing management, largely because of the greater production of secondary daughter tillers in the sward which had been leniently grazed. The demographic differences between the swards had little effect on net pasture production during the treatment season, with lamina growth rates being virtually unaffected across a wide range of steadystate, continuous-grazing pressures. However, longer-term effects on pasture development, due to the demographic differences between the swards, did appear in the following season; the more severe grazing pressure treatment resulted in earlier inflorescence development in the subsequent season.

scholarly journals Impact of pasture height and herbage mass on suppression of variegated thistle in North Island East Coast hill country

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Katherine N. Tozer ◽  
Rose Greenfield ◽  
Renee Grigson ◽  
Catherine Cameron ◽  
Ants Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Ground Treatment ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Livestock Productivity ◽  
The Impact

Variegated thistle in East Coast North Island hill country reduces pasture and livestock productivity. To quantify the impact of increasing amounts of pasture cover (herbage mass) on this weed, variegated thistle seeds were hand-sown in autumn into pasture swards that ranged in height from 0 cm (bare ground) to 12 cm, on an East Coast property near Gisborne. Sward height was maintained by mowing without damaging the thistle plants. Increasing pasture cover reduced thistle emergence, height, diameter, biomass, survival, and seed production. By early June, 7 weeks after sowing, thistle emergence was greatest from bare ground and from maintaining a pasture at a height of 3 cm (>1100 kg DM ha-1 in autumn) and declined with increasing pasture height. By December, thistle height, diameter, biomass, flowerhead production and survival were highest in the bare ground treatment (thistle biomass ≈760 g plant-1), much lower in the 3-cm pasture height treatment (≈20 g plant-1), negligible in the 6-cm (>1600 kg DM/ha) and nil in the 8-cm (>1800 kg DM ha-1) and 12-cm (>2700 kg DM ha-1) pasture treatments (P<0.002). Maintaining pasture height of 3 cm severely reduced variegated thistle establishment, growth and flowerhead production. Results infer that grazing management strategies, such as lengthening the interval between grazing events in autumn and early winter, will increase pasture cover and are likely to severely reduce thistle establishment, growth and seed production.

Pastoral Development and Research in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia.

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Suijdendorp
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Subsequent Research ◽  
Pastoral Development ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Rangeland Condition

This article describes the pastoral development in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, first for sheep grazing and more recently for cattle. Vegetation changes due to the grazing regime and to a changed fire regime were profound. In coastal lands these vegetation changes are non-reversible but inland the disclimax rangeland has responded to a cycle of summer fires and grazing defer ments. This research on grazing management has led to more nutritious pastures and subsequent research on sheep management has led to enhanced reproduction. However, market forces have worked to claim the increase in rangeland productivity for cattle. The interaction between domestic livestock, rangeland condition and certain of the native fauna is discussed.

Alternative strategies for management of feral goats: implications for natural resource management policies in New South Wales rangelands

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Khairo ◽  
R. B. Hacker ◽  
T. L. Atkinson ◽  
G. L. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
New South ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Resource Conservation ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Feral Goat

Feral goats (Capra hircus) are increasing in abundance and distribution in the semi-arid and arid rangelands of New South Wales, and elsewhere in the southern rangelands. They present a conundrum for natural resource managers and policy-makers as they can be both an agricultural and environmental pest and an economic resource for landholders. This paper presents an economic analysis of a range of alternative approaches to feral goat management and assesses their implications for natural resource management policies. ‘Opportunistic harvesting’ and ‘value-added’ strategies (the latter involving use of a paddock to increase the liveweight of feral goats before slaughter for meat) returned positive net benefits to landholders, whereas the strategy of ‘no management’ resulted in a negative net benefit if the overall stocking rate was held constant. The erection of goat-proof boundary fencing to enhance production from domestic livestock generated negative net benefits unless increases in stocking rates of domestic livestock could be achieved within the exclusion fencing through improved grazing management. The use of goat-proof fencing to establish an individual paddock for domestic livestock production returned positive net benefit for landholders but also required increases in domestic stocking rate to be competitive with the best feral goat harvesting strategy. The ‘opportunistic harvesting’ and ‘value added’ strategies are thus likely to be adopted by producers without financial incentive and could result in positive resource conservation outcomes if goat prices encourage harvesting. The ‘no management’ strategy will most likely promote resource degradation and should be discouraged. Strategies involving goat-proof fencing are likely to provide positive net benefits for landholders and achieve positive natural resource outcomes if associated with improved grazing management, and reduced density of feral goats outside the exclusion fencing. It is concluded that resource conservation benefits of feral goat control strategies may be positive, negative, or neutral depending on the management strategy adopted, the extent of goat-proof fencing, and the price of meat from feral goats. It is, therefore, difficult to rely on the commercial harvesting of feral goats to achieve resource conservation objectives. Public funds could be better used to support education and training in grazing management and provide incentives for achievement of measurable natural resource outcomes than to support infrastructure establishment for the harvesting of feral goats on private properties.

Some consequences of imposing different continuous grazing pressures in the spring on sward morphology, herbage quality and the performance of young beef cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. B. Tallowin ◽  
J. H. H. Williams ◽  
R. V. Large
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Grazing Pressures

SUMMARYThe effects of different severities of continuous grazing imposed during the spring followed by a uniform continuous grazing management from midsummer onwards were examined in relation to sward morphology, herbage quality and the performance of young beef cattle in the years 1980 and 1981. The three grazing severities were based upon maintaining a constant sward height, namely 35 mm (severe), 50 mm (moderate) and 75 mm (lenient). From 1 June onwards a uniform grazing severity with a sward height of 60 mm was imposed. The grazing pressure on each paddock was adjusted by either adding or removing of cattle to maintain the target sward heights. When the grazing pressure was changed in June, the digestibility of both the herbage components on offer and the total herbage selected by the cattle was higher in the swards that had been severely grazed than that in the leniently grazed treatments. This appeared to be due to the combination of a higher proportion of younger, more digestible leaf laminae, less dead and less maturing true stem being present in the swards that had previously been severely grazed. Over the season as a whole, there was no significant difference between the grazing treatments in terms of individual animal performance or overall animal live-weight production per hectare.

scholarly journals The Effect of Frequency of Fresh Pasture Allocation on Pasture Utilisation and the Performance of High Yielding Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2176
Author(s):  
Jessica G. Pollock ◽  
Alan W. Gordon ◽  
Kathryn M. Huson ◽  
Deborah A. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Utilisation Rate ◽  
High Production ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

Pasture allocation frequency (PAF) can influence pasture availability and grazing behaviour, which subsequently may impact on animal performance. Limited research to-date has investigated grazing management methods to improve the performance of high production dairy cows whilst also achieving high grass utilisation rates. This study evaluated the effect of three different PAF’s (12, 24 and 36 h) on pasture utilisation, the performance of high yielding dairy cows and the interaction with parity. The experiment included two 60-day periods, 90 spring calving dairy cows (27 primiparous animals) in period one and 87 (24 primiparous animals) in period two. The average pre-grazing sward height (11.4 cm) was similar for all treatments in both periods. In period one, pasture utilisation rate was significantly higher (8%) in the 36 h compared to the 12 h treatment. In period two, milk energy output was significantly greater for primiparous animals in the 36 h treatment relative to the other treatments.

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