scholarly journals Adhesives and the Herbarium: International Survey and Application of the Results in Analysis of the Influence of Conservation Materials on DNA of Herbarium Specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e25583
Author(s):  
Magdalena Grenda-Kurmanow
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
International Survey ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Starch Paste

In 2017 the author conducted an international survey among the conservators who have worked with herbaria collections, particularly paper conservators who treated historic herbaria. During the survey the author contacted 25 people from 9 countries. The participants were the conservators who either shared their experience through publications or whose conservation reports were available to the author. Participants were asked to recommend materials used in the conservation of historic herbaria and materials used on a daily basis to mount specimens. The aim of the survey was to list the materials that have direct contact with the surface of the specimens. Therefore the results concentrated mostly on adhesives. Acknowledging that materials recommended for conservation treatment may differ from those used for a typical mounting of a modern specimen, the author presented a traditional conservator’s approach that every modern object (including herbaria) may one day become a valuable part of heritage. This means that all materials used when working with herbaria should be reversible and DNA-safe. The survey revealed that most conservators recommend materials that are very popular in paper conservation: wheat starch paste and methylcellulose at different concentrations, however some suggested using animal glues such as gelatine or isinglass and mixtures of isinglass and starch paste. Other adhesives that were present in the results were two versions of hydroxypropylcellulose, Klucel G and Klucel E, rice starch, shofu, and different PVAs used for mounting (e.g. Hewit M218 and Jade 403). Many conservators expressed their negative approach to popular mounting materials and techniques of mounting by overall adhesion. The survey was a part of the project "Heritage preservation and ethnobotany. Analysis of the influence of conservation treatment on genetic material comprised in historic herbaria“ (project no. 2014/13/N/HS2/03118) funded by the National Science Centre in Poland. The results of the survey served as a basis for the next stage of the project, which was testing samples of herbarium specimens, 'treated' with the chosen materials, for the possible damaging influence on the DNA of specimens. The choice of materials based on the results of the survey, literature and availability of materials (some adhesives used for mounting some decades ago are no longer available). The herbarium samples were made of Arabidopsis thaliana and Fragaria vesca leaves, prepared for the project. After drying and 'treating' with conservation and mounting materials, the samples were artificially aged in a climatic chamber to imitate deterioration processes.

scholarly journals Scanning Electron Microscopy as a Tool to Observe the Effects of Simulated Conservation Treatment on Herbarium Specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e26093
Author(s):  
Magdalena Grenda-Kurmanow
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Wild Strawberry ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Scanning Electron

This paper presents the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations conducted for the project "Heritage preservation and ethnobotany. Analysis of the influence of conservation treatment on genetic material comprised in historic herbaria“ (project no. 2014/13/N/HS2/03118) funded by the National Science Centre in Poland. The main aim of the project is to establish if treatment methods used by herbarium conservators and mounters in different countries are harmful for the DNA material comprised in herbarium specimens. In order to analyse this problem the author conducted an international survey among specialists with documented experience in herbarium treatment. The next step was the evaluation of the results and the choice of materials. The chosen materials were then applied to samples of herbarium specimens, artificially aged in the climatic chamber, and subjected to DNA analysis. The results of the survey illustrated the variety of the materials used to treat and mount specimens. Some of them, such as methyl cellulose, were used in different concentrations and different degrees of polymerization. The project limitations determined the selection of materials for further testing, particularly when it comes to the concentration of a particular adhesive/consolidant. At the same time the main assumption was to identify versions of the material that can effectively penetrate the specimen in order to intensify the potential influence on its DNA. Dessicated plant specimens are not a common material in conservation research because their structure is highly heterogenic, fragile and brittle. Moreover, the materials used for mounting and conservation treatment are most often adapted from bookbinding and paper conservation disciplines. They are not always suitable for the treatment of botanic material and may cause damage. When observations of stratigraphic samples under a traditional microscope proved unsatisfactory, the potential of SEM imaging was examined. SEM turned out to be a very useful tool to observe the effects of simulated conservation treatments conducted on herbarium specimen samples, but only when samples were coated with gold. The conclusions from these observations informed decisions about what versions of the conservation and mounting materials should be used for further testing. Additionally, some samples were observed after artificial aging in aclimatic chamber. It enabled us to observe the degradation of the layers of materials applied onto the specimens. The analysis focussed on the leaves of two species, Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) and Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress).

scholarly journals Biopolymeric Materials Used as Nonviral Vectors: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
Jailson de Araújo Santos ◽  
Daniel Barbosa Liarte ◽  
Alessandra Braga Ribeiro ◽  
Marcia dos Santos Rizzo ◽  
Marcília Pinheiro da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Gene Transfection ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Nonviral Vectors ◽  
Cationic Polymers ◽  
Genetic Trait ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Materials Used

Bacterial transformation and gene transfection can be understood as being the results of introducing specific genetic material into cells, resulting in gene expression, and adding a new genetic trait to the host cell. Many studies have been carried out to investigate different types of lipids and cationic polymers as promising nonviral vectors for DNA transfer. The present study aimed to carry out a systematic review on the use of biopolymeric materials as nonviral vectors. The methodology was carried out based on searches of scientific articles and applications for patents published or deposited from 2006 to 2020 in different databases for patents (EPO, USPTO, and INPI) and articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo). The results showed that there are some deposits of patents regarding the use of chitosan as a gene carrier. The 16 analyzed articles allowed us to infer that the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is limited due to the low diversity of biopolymers used for these purposes. It was also observed that the use of different materials as nonviral vectors is based on chemical structure modifications of the material, mainly by the addition of cationic groups. Thus, the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is still limited to only a few polysaccharide types, emphasizing the need for further studies involving the use of different biopolymers in processes of gene transfer.

scholarly journals An Essential Role of Polymeric Adhesives in the Reinforcement of Acidified Paper Relics

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Liu ◽  
Huiping Xing ◽  
Yajun Zhou ◽  
Xiaolian Chao ◽  
Yuhu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Polyvinyl Butyral ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Starch Paste

Paper acidification causes paper relics to undergo embrittlement and decay, to form dregs, and even to break upon a single touch; therefore, reinforcement and deacidification treatments are essential steps for paper conservation and to retard the deterioration and prolong the life of objects. Polymeric adhesives play an essential role in reinforcement and deacidification treatments, although it is not well studied. In this work, the effect of polymeric adhesives on the conservation process and their protective effects on acidified paper relics were studied. Firstly, three polymeric adhesives, including wheat starch paste, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were selected as research objects. Subsequently, their effects on four popular conservation methods were further discussed, including traditional mounting, hot-melt with silk net, alcohol-soluble cotton mesh, and water-soluble cotton mesh. Additionally, as an example, the reversibility and long-term durability of water-soluble adhesive PVA-217 were assessed. Using a computer measured and controlled folding endurance tester, pendulum tensile strength tester, tear tester, burst tester, FT-IR, video optical contact angle tester, and other instruments, the conservation application of water-soluble adhesives in paper relics was evaluated. This study provides a scientific basis and experimental data for the application of polymeric adhesives in the conservation of paper relics.

scholarly journals Effects of Pectin on the Physicochemical Properties and Freeze-Thaw Stability of Waxy Rice Starch

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2419
Author(s):  
Yuheng Zhai ◽  
Jiali Xing ◽  
Xiaohu Luo ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Kai Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Textural Parameter ◽  
Waxy Rice ◽  
Pasting Temperature ◽  
Starch Paste ◽  
Waxy Rice Starch

In this study, the effects of the addition of pectin (PEC) on the physicochemical properties and freeze-thaw stability of waxy rice starch (WRS) were investigated. As PEC content increased, the pasting viscosity and pasting temperature of WRS significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas its breakdown value and setback value decreased. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the addition of PEC increased the gelatinization temperature of WRS, but decreased its gelatinization enthalpy. Rheological measurements indicated that the addition of PEC did not change the shear-thinning behavior of WRS–PEC blends, and the storage modulus and loss modulus were positively correlated with PEC content. Moreover, the textural parameter of WRS decreased with the increase in PEC content. Furthermore, the addition of PEC decreased the transmittance of starch paste, but enhanced the freeze-thaw stability of WRS to some extent. These results may contribute to the development of WRS-based food products.

Use of Integrated Day-Long Stagnation Temperature for Measuring Changes in Solar Collector Materials Properties

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175
Author(s):  
W. C. Thomas ◽  
A. G. Dawson ◽  
D. Waksman
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Model ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Stagnation Temperature ◽  
Nonsteady State ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Energy Absorbing

Measurements of the maximum temperatures reached by solar-energy-absorbing surfaces provide a useful method for detecting possible degradation in the optical and heat transfer properties of materials used in collectors. This investigation shows that a method based on integrating the absorber temperature rise over ambient and solar irradiation on a daily basis has advantages over alternative test methods based on steady-state measurements of either absorber stagnation temperature or collector thermal efficiency. A nonsteady-state analytical model is developed and used to evaluate the sensitivity of the proposed test method to material degradation and environmental effects. Outdoor data are presented to validate the analytical model and depict typical results that can be expected using the test procedure.

Long-term storage of wheat starch paste

1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Bruce F. Miller ◽  
William Root
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Starch Paste ◽  
Term Storage

scholarly journals Investigating the Potential of the Er:YAG Laser for the Removal of Cemented Dust from Limestone and Painted Plaster

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Lucia Noor Melita ◽  
Katarzyna Węgłowska ◽  
Diego Tamburini ◽  
Capucine Korenberg
Keyword(s):  
Er:Yag Laser ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cleaning Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
The Right

A successful application of Er:YAG laser for the cleaning of a restored Assyrian relief sculpture from the British Museum collection is presented. Displayed in the gallery, the sculpture has darkened over time due to the natural deposition of dirt, in particular on restored parts. Since traditional cleaning methods have demonstrated to be unsuccessful, a scientific investigation was performed to identify the composition of the soiling and the materials used for the restoration. The analysis suggested the presence of gypsum, calcium oxalate, carbonates and alumino-silicates on the encrustation. The molded plaster, composed of lime and gypsum and pigmented aggregates, was likely prepared at the end of the 19th century to mimic the stone color. It was repainted with what was identified as a modern oil-based overpaint, applied to cover darkening during a second conservation treatment in the 20th century. Laser trials were first performed on small areas of the objects and on mock-ups to determine the critical fluence thresholds of the surface, investigated through visual examination and analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS). The right parameters and conditions to be used during the cleaning process were, therefore, determined. The chemical selectivity of the cleaning process allowed us to complete the treatment safely while preserving the restoration.

scholarly journals QTL mapping for starch paste viscosity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using chromosome segment substitution lines derived from two sequenced cultivars with the same Wx allele

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhao ◽  
Chunfang Zhao ◽  
Lihui Zhou ◽  
Qingyong Zhao ◽  
Zhen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Chromosome Segment ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Sequence Alignments ◽  
Major Locus ◽  
Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines ◽  
Segment Substitution ◽  
Paste Viscosity ◽  
Starch Paste

Abstract Background The eating and cooking qualities (ECQs) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are key characteristics affecting variety adoption and market value. Starch viscosity profiles tested by a rapid visco analyzer (RVA) offer a direct measure of ECQs and represent the changes in viscosity associated with starch gelatinization. RVA profiles of rice are controlled by a complex genetic system and are also affected by the environment. Although Waxy (Wx) is the major gene controlling amylose content (AC) and ECQs, there are still other unknown genetic factors that affect ECQs. Results Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for starch paste viscosity in rice were analyzed using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) developed from the two cultivars 9311 and Nipponbare, which have same Wx-b allele. Thus, the effect of the major locus Wx was eliminated and the other locus associated with the RVA profile could be identified. QTLs for seven parameters of the starch RVA profile were tested over four years in Nanjing, China. A total of 310 QTLs were identified (from 1 to 55 QTLs per trait) and 136 QTLs were identified in more than one year. Among them, 6 QTLs were stalely detected in four years and 26 QTLs were detected in at least three years including 13 pleiotropic loci, controlling 2 to 6 RVA properties simultaneously. These stable QTL hotspots were co-located with several known starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs). Sequence alignments showed that nucleotide and amino acid sequences of most SSRGs were different between the two parents. Finally, we detected stable QTLs associated with multiple starch viscosity traits near Wx itself, supporting the notion that additional QTLs near Wx control multiple characteristic values of starch viscosity. Conclusions By eliminating the contribution from the major locus Wx, multiple QTLs associated with the RVA profile of rice were identified, several of which were stably detected over four years. The complexity of the genetic basis of rice starch viscosity traits might be due to their pleiotropic effects and the multiple QTL hot spots. Minor QTLs controlling starch viscosity traits were identified by using the chromosome segment substitution strategy. Allele polymorphism might be the reason that QTLs controlling RVA profile characteristics were detected in some known SSRG regions.

scholarly journals Penerapan Teknik Ecoprint pada Dedaunan Menjadi Produk Bernilai Jual

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Dwita Anja Asmara
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Counseling Session ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Slide Presentation ◽  
Materials Used

Penyuluhan seni teknik ecoprint yang dilaksanakan terhadap ibu-ibu kelompok Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Dusun Bibis, Bangunjiwo, Kasihan, Bantul merupakan salah satu bentuk kegiatan yang perlu dilaksanakan secara rutin antara ISI Yogyakarta dan mitra, karena memberikan dampak positif bagi mitra. Pada mulanya, kelompok ibu-ibu ini dalam kesehariannya tidak produktif, setelah mendapatkan penyuluhan ecoprint, rutinitas sehari-hari menjadi lebih kreatif. Penyuluhan ini dilakukan secara bertahap dengan menggunakan metode tatap muka langsung dengan teknik ceramah, diskusi, pemberian slide, dan praktik. Karena teknik ecoprint merupakan teknik yang sederhana, praktis, cepat dibandingkan teknik batik, serta bahan dan alat yang digunakan sederhana, ibu-ibu kelompok PKH bisa dengan cepat menyerap ilmu pelatihannya. Selain itu, bahan yang digunakan sudah tersedia di lingkungan sekitar tempat tinggal, yakni berbagai dedaunan. Hasil penyuluhan ecoprint ini mampu mewujudkan berbagai jenis produk, di antaranya: masker, jilbab, scarf, kain panjang, dan baju. Di penghujung penyuluhan ini, ibu-ibu PKH sebagai peserta penyuluhan memamerkan hasil karya mereka di Balai Kelurahan Bangunjiwo. The ecoprint technical art counseling carried out to the mothers of the Bibis Hamlet Family Hope Program (PKH), Bangunjiwo, Kasihan, Bantul group is one form of activity that needs to be carried out regularly between ISI Yogyakarta and partners, because it has a positive impact on partners. At first, this group of mothers was not productive on a daily basis, after receiving ecoprint counseling, their daily routine became more creative. This outreach is carried out in stages using face-to-face methods with lecture, discussion, slide presentation, and practice techniques. Because the ecoprint technique is a simple, practical, fast technique compared to the batik technique, and the materials and tools used are simple, PKH group women can quickly absorb the knowledge of the training. In addition, the materials used are readily available in the environment around the residence, namely various leaves. The results of this ecoprint counseling are able to realize various types of products, including: masks, headscarves, scarves, long cloths, and clothes. At the end of this counseling session, PKH women as extension participants displayed their work at the Bangunjiwo Village Hall.

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