scholarly journals Field surveys along habitat gradients revealed differences in herpetofauna assemblage in Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rais ◽  
Jamal Ahmed ◽  
Aiman Naveed ◽  
Arooj Batool ◽  
Aqsa Shahzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Management Board ◽  
Hiking Trails ◽  
Undisturbed Forest

This study was conducted to see whether herpetofaunal assemblage differed amongst hiking trails, undisturbed forest and urban areas within the Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan. Circular plot area-constrained searches (45 plots in each habitat, each plot with an area of 25 m2) were used from March 2018 to July 2019. We recorded seven amphibian species, nine lizard species and six snake species. The species richness of amphibians and lizards was the same in the studied strata, while the detection and encounter rate of snakes was lower in the undisturbed forest and urban areas. The encounter rate of amphibians differed significantly between urban areas and hiking trails/undisturbed forest. The encounter rate and population density of lizards differed significantly between undisturbed forest and urban areas. The most frequently encountered amphibian species along the hiking trail and urban areas was Duttaphrynus stomaticus, with Hoplobatrachus tigerinus in undisturbed forest. The most common and frequently encountered lizard species along the hiking trail and urban areas was Hemidactylus brookii, while the Ophisops jerdonii was the most frequently seen in undisturbed forest. The most common and frequently encountered snake species along the hiking trail and undisturbed forest was the Indotyphlops braminus, while Ptyas mucosa was the most common in urban areas. The subsequent bio-assessment, based on herpetofauna, of the Park revealed good to excellent biotic integrity The Park faces threats including livestock grazing, alien invasive vegetation and human disturbance due to settlements, restaurants and tourism-related activities. While several of these threats have been mitigated since the establishment of the Islamabad Wildlife Management Board, the Park still requires improved management, especially regarding regulating tourism.

scholarly journals A provisional check list of the reptiles and amphibians of Golden Gate Highlands National Park

Koedoe ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Bates
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Golden Gate ◽  
Check List ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Snake Species

A provisional check list of 26 reptile and amphibian species (8 frog, 8 lizard and 10 snake species) occurring in Golden Gate Highlands National Park is presented. The list does not reflect the results of an intensive survey, but is a record of specimens collected in the park and preserved at the National Museum, Bloemfontein.

scholarly journals Intercommunity interactions and killings in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon

Primates ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Martínez-Íñigo ◽  
Pauline Baas ◽  
Harmonie Klein ◽  
Simone Pika ◽  
Tobias Deschner
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
National Park ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Intergroup Interactions ◽  
Killing Rate ◽  
The Core ◽  
Pan Troglodytes Troglodytes

AbstractIntercommunity competition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) has been widely studied in eastern (P. t. schweinfurthii) and western (P. t. verus) communities. Both subspecies show hostility towards neighboring communities but differ in rates of lethal attacks and female involvement. However, relatively little is known about the territorial behavior of the two other subspecies, central (P. t. troglodytes) and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (P. t. ellioti). Here, we present the first insights into intercommunity interactions of individuals of a community of central chimpanzees living in the Loango National Park in Gabon. The presence of individuals of neighboring communities in the Rekambo home range was assessed using 27 camera traps. Information was compiled on intergroup interactions recorded before (2005–2016) and after (January 2017–June 2019) the habituation of the community. Individuals from neighboring communities entered the core area, where nine out of 16 recorded intercommunity encounters occurred. Males were the main participants in territorial patrols and intercommunity aggressions. Females were part of all six territorial patrols recorded and dependent offspring participated in five patrols. Females were involved in intercommunity aggression in five out of twelve recorded encounters in which there was visual contact between communities. While the intercommunity encounter rate was lower than that reported across most other long-term chimpanzee sites, the annual intercommunity killing rate was among the highest. These results suggest that the frequency of lethal attacks at Loango is comparable to that reported for the eastern subspecies. In contrast, female involvement in intercommunity interactions mirrors that of the western subspecies.

scholarly journals Financial Feasibility of Investing in Smallholder Cow-Calf Cooperatives in Baluran National Park

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Mark Rademaker ◽  
Any Suryantini ◽  
Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
The Government

Livestock grazing is a major driver of human-wildlife confl ict in conservation areas. Currently, it is estimated that 3000 heads of cattle illegally grazing within Baluran National Park (BNP) in East Java. The recent research has suggested the potential of livestock system intensifi cation to reduce land-use and conflict through conservation priorities. The research goal was to investigate the fi nancial feasibility of starting intensive cow-calf cooperatives by smallholders in the BNP area. Data were collected using Farm surveys in a Criterion sampling design. Optimal herd management plans were generated using whole farm Linear Programming and fi nancial feasibility was assessed using Discounted cash-flow analysis and debt-servicing capabilities. Investment lifetime was set at 15 years and four alternative varieties of cattle were taken from Bali, Peranakan Ongole, Limousin and Simmental. Results show that investing in all varieties represents a positive investment opportunity. Bali cattle obtaining the highest NPV ($53.769), IRR (14,25%) and B/C ratio (1,13). Farmer income can be increased by 163% by combining additional Off-farm labor. However, debt servicing capabilities of cow-calf cooperative activities showed that the loan principal can only be repaid in the 10th year instead of the maximum eight years set by the government cow-calf credit scheme. We urge the government to reconsider either the grace period or the repayment time of the credit scheme to better fit the cash-fl ow characteristics of cow-calf enterprises.

scholarly journals Resource-Driven Encounters and the Induction of Disease Among Consumers

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca K. Borchering ◽  
Steve E. Bellan ◽  
Jason M. Flynn ◽  
Juliet R.C. Pulliam ◽  
Scott A. McKinley
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Spatially Explicit Model ◽  
Consumer Population ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSubmitted Manuscript 2016. Territorial animals share a variety of common resources, which can be a major driver of conspecific encounter rates. We examine how changes in resource availability influence the rate of encounters among individuals in a consumer population by implementing a spatially explicit model for resource visitation behavior by consumers. Using data from 2009 and 2010 in Etosha National Park, we verify our model's prediction that there is a saturation effect in the expected number of jackals that visit a given carcass site as carcasses become abundant. However, this does not directly imply that the overall resource-driven encounter rate among jackals decreases. This is because the increase in available carcasses is accompanied by an increase in the number of jackals that detect and potentially visit carcasses. Using simulations and mathematical analysis of our consumer-resource interaction model, we characterize key features of the relationship between resource-driven encounter rate and model parameters. These results are used to investigate a standing hypothesis that the outbreak of a fatal disease among zebras can potentially lead to an outbreak of an entirely different disease in the jackal population, a process we refer to as indirect induction of disease.

scholarly journals Elaboração e aplicação de uma rota de trekking em uma área do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrado Oliveira de Pádua Andrade ◽  
Rita de Cássia Ribeiro Carvalho ◽  
Ricardo Ferreira Godinho ◽  
Rômulo Amaral Faustino Magri
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Park ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Tour Guides ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
Hiking Trails ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Land Disputes ◽  
Object Of Study

O Cerrado brasileiro é o segundo maior bioma do Brasil, e se espalha por oito Estados diferentes, o que desempenha um papel crucial na questão dos recursos hídricos. A região do estudo da pesquisa é uma área remanescente de 130 mil hectares de Cerrado, que desde 1972 vem passando por constantes problemas fundiários em decorrência da tentativa ineficiente do Governo Brasileiro de implantar uma Unidade de Conservação na área. Enquanto esse processo se desenrola de forma precária e sem perspectivas de finalização, a área vem sofrendo prejuízos ambientais, tendo em vista que não existe proteção e nem diretrizes para a sua conservação. Um dos segmentos econômicos que mais tem prosperado na região é o Ecoturismo, que é uma eficaz ferramenta para a educação ambiental, contribui para a conservação do patrimônio ambiental e cultural das localidades, pois o meio ambiente preservado passa a ser entendido como a fonte de renda para as comunidades locais. O objetivo do trabalho foi criar e adequar nesta área uma rota ecoturística de trekking para envolver os empreendimentos turísticos existentes, ligando-os através de um caminho ecológico composto por trilhas, na área ainda não regularizada do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra no município de São João Batista do Glória-MG. Para isso, foram percorridos os caminhos já existentes, mapeando as trilhas já abertas que poderiam ser utilizadas; apresentando os tempos necessários de cada percurso divididos por trechos; as severidades das condições dos terrenos visando implantar a Norma Técnica ABNT NBR 15505-2: Turismo com atividades de caminhada; norma esta sugerida pelo Ministério do Turismo e Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Turismo de Aventura – ABETA. A criação e a classificação da rota de trekking e a disponibilização dos dados de GPS proporciona segurança para quem pretende se aventurar nas trilhas e tende a impulsionar o turismo, inserindo o pólo ecoturístico de São João Batista do Glória no roll de destinos turísticos providos de trilhas adequadas ao trekking. Outro benefício será o aumento da demanda por guias de turismo locais, profissionalizando o turismo na região de estudo. Os resultados serão decisivos para a adequação do produto turístico, gerando qualidade da visitação, maior facilidade na comercialização dos roteiros, culminando em mais desenvolvimento econômico e sustentável para a região. Development and application of a hiking trail an area of Serra da Canastra National Park ABSTRACT The Brazilian Cerrado is the second largest biome in Brazil, and spreads over eight different States, which plays a crucial role in the issue of water resources. The object of study is the remainder area of 200,000 hectares of Cerrado biome in the National Park of Serra da Canastra, a zone that has been under land disputes since 1972 as a result of the Brazilian Government’s inefficiency to implement a conservation unit covering the whole area. While this situation persists with no solution in sight, the area suffers environmental damage aggravated by the absence of protective measures and guidelines for conservation. Ecotourism is one of the most successful business activities carried out in the region and can function as an effective tool for environmental education and conservation of local natural resources and cultural heritage. It enables local communities to benefit financially from preserved natural resources, providing incentives for conservation. The objective is to create and tailor this area an ecotourism hiking trails to engage existing ecotourism businesses by linking them through an ecological path composed of trails in the area have not regularized in the Serra da Canastra National Park in São João Batista do Glória –MG. To this, they were covered existing paths, since mapping the open tracks that could be used; presenting the necessary times for each route divided into sections; the severities of the land conditions in order to implement the Technical Standard NBR 15505-2 Holidays with hiking activities; this standard suggested by the Ministry of Tourism and the Brazilian Association of Adventure Tourism Companies – ABETA. The creation and classification of the hiking trails and the availability of GPS data provides security for those who want to venture out on the trails and tends to boost tourism by entering the ecotourism hub of São João Batista do Glória in the roll of tourist destinations provided tracks suitable for hiking. Another benefit is the increased demand for local tour guides, more professional and aware tourism in the study area. The results will be decisive for the adequacy of the tourism product, generating quality visitors, greater ease in marketing scripts, resulting in more economic development to the region, sustainably. KEYWORDS: Cerrado; Ecotourism; NBR 15505-2; Serra da Canastra National Park; Hiking.

Responses of lizards to three experiments fires in the savanna forests of Kakadu National Park

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Trainor ◽  
JCZ Woinarski
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Savanna Communities ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Term Response

A species-rich lizard community responded variably to a range of experimental fire regimes in a tropical savanna. Heteronotia binoei was the only lizard species that showed a short-term response to fire, decreasing in abundance directly after the early- and late-burns. H. binoei and Diporiphora bilineata were significantly more abundant in early-burn treatments. Carlia amax was more abundant in unburnt and early-burn treatments. C. munda was more abundant in unburnt and early-burn sites. Differences in the relative abundance of species between treatments is attributed to site differences in vegetation structure, and fire-induced changes to the structure of habitat. Early-burn sites were significantly richer in lizard species (P< 0.05); however, overall lizard abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) 1 and DCA 2 scores were not significantly different, suggesting that habitat partitioning has a stronger influence than the direct effects of fire. Many lizards were associated with a direct gradient of moisture availability, including a seepage assemblage, with Carlia gracilis and Sphenomorphus darwiniensis correlated with increased moisture, a well-developed canopy and abundant leaf litter. An assemblage associated with the drier end of the gradient included Carlia triacantha, Ctenotus kurnbudj, Diporiphora magna and D. bilineata. The lizard composition of most quadrats was intermediate along the moisture gradient and was associated with typical eucalypt savanna communities. Lizard species that largely are restricted to the moist seepage zones may be particularly sensitive to late dry-season fires which alter this habitat type.

Exploring the management and integration of national parks in Northern Ethiopia: The case of Kafta Shiraro National Park

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 010-020
Author(s):  
Samson Shimelse Jemaneh
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
National Park ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Northern Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Kafta-Shiraro in Northern region of Ethiopia. The study uses two important parameters to realize the objective of the study investigating themanagement and integration of the park, one is studying and explaining the community perceptions towards elephant (flagship species) conservation in Kafta Shiraro National Park (KSNP) and secondly compare and contrast the population structure and density of the (economically important plant) Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst inside and outside of the protected areas and the study contribute to the scientific bases for improved management of biodiversity and its conservation system. A total of 100 households were selected from 10 villages using a stratified random sampling. A rapid vegetation assessment survey was conducted in two Boswellia stands, inside the park and outside the park at villages in order to examine the status of the resource base. A total of 40 sample plots of size 20 X 20 m were laid at regular interval along parallel transects with smaller sample plots of size 5 X 5 m nested in the center of each plot for regeneration count. The conflicts between humans and wildlife in KSNP have been getting worse over time and underline the need to find a workable solution to stop the progress of encroaching human activities that are core factors in the conflict. The underlying factors were found to be free encroachment into the wildlife home ranges, mainly for cultivation and dry wood collection. The factors that contributed to the poor conservation of African elephant included weak community awareness and understaffed anti-poaching and patrolling team of the KSNP. The improper land use by host settlers locally called “wefrizemet” as well as legal settlers maximizes the level of habitat disturbance (threat of the elephants in the park) due to illegal cultivation with high number of livestock crossing to the park. B. papyrifera population structure illustrates that natural regeneration is lacking in all two study areas. Additionally, the population of Boswellia in the study areas is unstable and under threat due to lack of recruitments through regeneration. Based on the stands structure analysis, it is hypothesized that lack of natural regeneration is primarily caused by livestock grazing pressure and the absence of recruitment is largely caused by lack of seed production by mother trees as the result of intensive tapping of the frankincense. KSNP is deteriorating due to a lack of integration and development cooperation between the Park and the surrounding local community as well as administration the minimal managerial and institutional capacity of the Park, minimal alternative livelihoods for the surrounding communities, inadequate commitment among all officials in taking the Park as an issue of development agenda, absence of legal procedures and understandings on expansion of large scale farms, unplanned and non-integrated land use systems, and a lack of appropriate outreach programs needed to change the attitudes of the surrounding communities. Collaborative Park management is urgently required to rescue KSNP; agreement should be made from National to Woreda level stakeholders.

scholarly journals Indirect methods of identifying mammals: a case study from Shivapuri National Park, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Shrestha ◽  
K. Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
National Park ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Basic Characteristics

The main objective of this study was to explore diversity of mammalian species in Shivapuri national Park (ShNP) through indirect method. Specific objectives were (i) to identify and describe characteristic features of different signs as key to species identification, and (ii) to determine occurrence and abundance of mammalian species based on the signs. Survey was conducted by walking through fixed 11 transect lines of total 229 km long, collecting and recording of footprints, feces, scrapes, scratches, shelters of burrows, calls and quills of mammals. Altogether 344 indirect signs were collected and observed through fixed transect lines and 25 signs through random searching of mammals from Kakani, Panimuhan, Shivapuri Peak, Baghdwar, Sundarijal, Chisapani and Manichur in ShNP. Basic characteristics of identified signs of different mamals as key to their identification have been described. The occurrence of species was confirmed through indirect signs and abundance was estimated on the basis of encounter rate (number/km/day) and relative frequency percentage of the signs. Among 20 species, 18 species belonging to six orderas and 14 families were recorded confirming by different indirect validation techniques. The study also identified large civet, a new record for ShNP. The highest percentage relative frequency (35%) and encounter rate (0.53/km) of signs of wild boar and house rat implied these species were the most abundant mammals in the park. This was followed by barking dear (17% and 0.26), common leopard (17% and 0.25), jungle cat (9.6% and 0.14), Himalayan squirrel and rhesus monkey, which were intermediate in abundance. Himalayan goral (6.7% and 0.10), Indian hare (4.3% and 0.06), yellow throated marten (4% and 0.06), golden jackal (3.5% and 0.05), large civit (2.6% and 0.04), black bear (0.3% and 0.004), Chinese pangolin, hanumal langur, royel's pika, porcupine and small mongoose were the least abundant species. Key words: Mammals; Identification; Footprints; scrapes; Feces; Shelters doi: 10.3126/eco.v12i0.3196 Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 12: 43-58, 2005

Land Cover/Use Analysis of Prespa National Park, Greece

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Karteris ◽  
Myrto Pyrovetsi
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Wet Meadows ◽  
Waterbird Species ◽  
Irrigation Drainage

Prespa National Park in Greece is an important breeding-area for rare and endangered waterbird species, but people living within the Park and using its resources create serious conservation problems. An environmental management plan which will regulate mainly the human activities within the Park is therefore necessary. Such a plan should be based on a land cover/use analysis of the area, for which much of the necessary information, in the form of a thematic map, has been collected by interpreting blackand-white aerial photographs. The procedure involved the development of a classification system, transferring the interpreted data onto a base-map, field-checking the results, and tabulating the area measurements with the pertinent errors.Of the total Park area (25,690 ha), 66.5% is classified as terrestrial (forestland, rangeland, agricultural land whether irrigated, non-irrigated, or abandoned, wet meadows/marshland, barren and eroded land, and urban areas), and the remainder as aquatic (water, reedbeds). The most extensive category in the Park is forestland, much of which is seriously degraded. Rangeland provides forage for sheep and goats, being also degraded owing to uncontrolled grazing. Wet meadows/marshland are invaluable as waterbird breeding and feeding habitats, but the present use of this category as grazing fields, and its proximity to agricultural land and to the existing irrigation/drainage system, have all had negative impacts on the resource. Irrigated land is almost half of the cultivated area.The abandoned agricultural land is interspersed within the forestland and is a result of the human population decline in the area, while barren and eroded land has resulted from prolonged land misuse. Twelve old villages are distributed over the Park, being visually unobtrusive. Lake Mikri Prespa is the main water-body and covers almost the entire nucleus of the Park. Extensive reedbeds are found along the lakeshores, which are the main breeding habitats of certain waterbirds. As land cover/use analysis of the Park has shown much serious environmental degradation, conservation measures should be undertaken urgently.

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