scholarly journals A global food plant dataset for wild silkmoths and hawkmoths and its use in documenting polyphagy of their caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Saturniidae, Sphingidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Ballesteros Mejia ◽  
Pierre Arnal ◽  
Winnie Hallwachs ◽  
Jean Haxaire ◽  
Daniel Janzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Insect Ecology ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Applied Biology ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Existing Data

Herbivorous insects represent a major fraction of global biodiversity and the relationships they have established with their food plants range from strict specialists to broad generalists. Our knowledge of these relationships is of primary importance to basic (e.g. the study of insect ecology and evolution) and applied biology (e.g. monitoring of pest or invasive species) and yet remains very fragmentary and understudied. In Lepidoptera, caterpillars of families Saturniidae and Sphingidae are rather well known and considered to have adopted contrasting preferences in their use of food plants. The former are regarded as being rather generalist feeders, whereas the latter are more specialist. To assemble and synthesise the vast amount of existing data on food plants of Lepidoptera families Saturniidae and Sphingidae, we combined three major existing databases to produce a dataset collating more than 26,000 records for 1256 species (25% of all species) in 121 (67%) and 167 (81%) genera of Saturniidae and Sphingidae, respectively. This dataset is used here to document the level of polyphagy of each of these genera using summary statistics, as well as the calculation of a polyphagy score derived from the analysis of Phylogenetic Diversity of the food plants used by the species in each genus.

scholarly journals A global food plant dataset for wild silkmoths and hawkmoths, and its use in documenting polyphagy of their caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Saturniidae, Sphingidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Ballesteros Mejia ◽  
Pierre Arnal ◽  
Winnie Hallwachs ◽  
Jean Haxaire ◽  
Daniel Janzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Insect Ecology ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Applied Biology ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Existing Data

Herbivorous insects represent a major fraction of global biodiversity and the relationships they have established with their food plants range from strict specialists to broad generalists. Our knowledge of these relationships is of primary importance to basic (e.g. the study of insect ecology and evolution) and applied biology (e.g. monitoring of pest or invasive species), and yet remains very fragmentary and understudied. In Lepidoptera, caterpillars of families Saturniidae and Sphingidae are rather well known and considered to have adopted contrasting preferences in their use of food plants. The former are regarded as being rather generalist feeders, whereas the latter are more specialist. To assemble and synthesize the vast amount of existing data on food plants of Lepidoptera families Saturniidae and Sphingidae, we combined three major existing databases to produce a dataset collating more than 26,000 records for 1256 species (25% of all species) in 121 (67%) and 167 (81%) genera of Saturniidae and Sphingidae, respectively. This dataset is used here to document the level of polyphagy of each of these genera using summary statistics as well as the calculation of a polyphagy score derived from the analysis of Phylogenetic Diversity of the food plants used by the species in each genus.

scholarly journals Chlorophyll catabolites in the frass of the Small Tortoiseshell caterpillars (Aglais urticae L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
B Amarsanaa ◽  
W Boland
Keyword(s):  
Urtica Dioica ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Magnesium Ion ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Chlorophyll Catabolites ◽  
Pyropheophorbide A

Herbivorous insects excrete most of the consumed chlorophyll as partly degraded derivatives lacking the phytol side chain and the central magnesium ion. To study common degradation patterns of chlorophyll in plant-feeding insects, the frass of the Lepidopteran caterpillar, Aglais urticae was analysed for chlorophyll catabolites. The major metabolites were determined as pheohorbide a and pyropheophorbide a by using LC-MS, LC-SPE-NMR and UV. These compounds are not present in fresh leaves of the food plants (Urtica dioica). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.198 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p46-50

scholarly journals Foundational and Translational Research Opportunities to Improve Plant Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 515-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Michelmore ◽  
Gitta Coaker ◽  
Rebecca Bart ◽  
Gwyn Beattie ◽  
Andrew Bent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Dynamic Components ◽  
Reader Comments ◽  
Global Food

Reader Comments The white paper reports the deliberations of a workshop focused on biotic challenges to plant health held in Washington, D.C. in September 2016. Ensuring health of food plants is critical to maintaining the quality and productivity of crops and for sustenance of the rapidly growing human population. There is a close linkage between food security and societal stability; however, global food security is threatened by the vulnerability of our agricultural systems to numerous pests, pathogens, weeds, and environmental stresses. These threats are aggravated by climate change, the globalization of agriculture, and an over-reliance on nonsustainable inputs. New analytical and computational technologies are providing unprecedented resolution at a variety of molecular, cellular, organismal, and population scales for crop plants as well as pathogens, pests, beneficial microbes, and weeds. It is now possible to both characterize useful or deleterious variation as well as precisely manipulate it. Data-driven, informed decisions based on knowledge of the variation of biotic challenges and of natural and synthetic variation in crop plants will enable deployment of durable interventions throughout the world. These should be integral, dynamic components of agricultural strategies for sustainable agriculture.

The Integration of Phylogenetics, Historical Biogeography, and Host-Parasite Coevolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 284-308
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Z. Brower ◽  
Randall T. Schuh
Keyword(s):  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Herbivorous Insects ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
Internal Parasites ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter highlights the use of consensus techniques and other approaches for understanding historical biogeographic relationships and patterns of associations between parasites and their hosts. It deals primarily with analyses that are often placed under the heading of cospeciation or codivergence, situations in which hosts and their parasites appear to have intimate, long-standing historical connections and in which speciation in the host may result in speciation in the parasite. This type of association appears to obtain for many internal parasites and for certain external parasites, such as lice. In addition, or on the other hand, there is a whole class of host associations, such as those between herbivorous insects and their food plants, in which the relationship of the parasite and the host generally does not show such long-term fidelity but involves many apparent host shifts. These latter situations are often referred to under the more liberal heading of coevolution.

scholarly journals The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework must safeguard the Tree of Life

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikki Gumbs ◽  
Abhishek Chaudhary ◽  
Barnabas H Daru ◽  
Daniel P Faith ◽  
Felix Forest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Global Biodiversity ◽  
Aichi Biodiversity Targets ◽  
Species Extinctions

Following our failure to fully achieve any of the 20 Aichi biodiversity targets, the future of biodiversity rests in the balance. The Convention on Biological Diversity's Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) presents us with the opportunity to preserve Nature's Contributions to People (NCPs) for current and future generations through conserving biodiversity and averting extinction across the Tree of Life. Here we demonstrate that species extinctions can lead to unequal losses of biodiversity depending on their evolutionary history, and call attention to our need to conserve the Tree of Life to maintain its benefits. We highlight two indicators available for adoption in the post-2020 GBF to monitor our progress towards safeguarding the Tree of Life. The Phylogenetic Diversity indicator, adopted by IPBES, can be used to monitor biodiversity's capacity to maintain NCPs. The EDGE (Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered) Index monitors how well we are performing at averting the greatest losses across the Tree of Life by conserving the most distinctive species. By committing to safeguarding the Tree of Life post-2020, we can reduce biodiversity loss and preserve nature's contributions to humanity now and into the future.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

Practical Realization of a Reference System for Earth Dynamics by Satellite Methods

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 341-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Anderle ◽  
M. C. Tanenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Pole Position ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Crustal Motion ◽  
Average Reference ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractObservations of artificial earth satellites provide a means of establishing an.origin, orientation, scale and control points for a coordinate system. Neither existing data nor future data are likely to provide significant information on the .001 angle between the axis of angular momentum and axis of rotation. Existing data have provided data to about .01 accuracy on the pole position and to possibly a meter on the origin of the system and for control points. The longitude origin is essentially arbitrary. While these accuracies permit acquisition of useful data on tides and polar motion through dynamio analyses, they are inadequate for determination of crustal motion or significant improvement in polar motion. The limitations arise from gravity, drag and radiation forces on the satellites as well as from instrument errors. Improvements in laser equipment and the launch of the dense LAGEOS satellite in an orbit high enough to suppress significant gravity and drag errors will permit determination of crustal motion and more accurate, higher frequency, polar motion. However, the reference frame for the results is likely to be an average reference frame defined by the observing stations, resulting in significant corrections to be determined for effects of changes in station configuration and data losses.

A New AID for Interpolating and Assessing Collision Strengths and Rate Coefficients

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
A. Burgess ◽  
H.E. Mason ◽  
J.A. Tully
Keyword(s):  
Significant Loss ◽  
Impact Excitation ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Electron Impact Excitation ◽  
Graphical Display ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Allowed Transition ◽  
Computational Errors ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractA new way of critically assessing and compacting data for electron impact excitation of positive ions is proposed. This method allows one (i) to detect possible printing and computational errors in the published tables, (ii) to interpolate and extrapolate the existing data as a function of energy or temperature, and (iii) to simplify considerably the storage and transfer of data without significant loss of information. Theoretical or experimental collision strengths Ω(E) are scaled and then plotted as functions of the colliding electron energy, the entire range of which is conveniently mapped onto the interval (0,1). For a given transition the scaled Ω can be accurately represented - usually to within a fraction of a percent - by a 5 point least squares spline. Further details are given in (2). Similar techniques enable thermally averaged collision strengths upsilon (T) to be obtained at arbitrary temperatures in the interval 0 < T < ∞. Application of the method is possible by means of an interactive program with graphical display (2). To illustrate this practical procedure we use the program to treat Ω for the optically allowed transition 2s → 2p in ArXVI.

Summary Statistics Computed Across Time are Restricted to a 600-msec Window

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouna Attarha ◽  
Shaun P. Vecera ◽  
Cathleen M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Summary Statistics
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