scholarly journals Analysis of Lymphocyte Immunological Reactivity in Patients with Pleural Effusions of Different Etiology

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zlatica Goseva ◽  
Biserka Jovkovska Kaeva ◽  
Angelko Gjorcev ◽  
Elena Jovanovska Janeva ◽  
Zoran Arsovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Immunological Reactivity ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Tuberculous Pleurisy

BACKGROUND: The proportion of T and B lymphocytes in pleural fluids and blood may point to the presence of local immunological phenomena in pleural disorders.AIM: Aim of study was to evaluate the lymphocyte phenotype and the ratio between helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8+) lymphocytes in malignant and non-malignant effusions.MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 48 patients with pleural effusions. First group had 18 patients with tuberculosis pleural effusions; second group had 20 patients with malignant pleural fluids, third group had 10 patients with transudates and 30 healthy controls. We investigated the distribution of T and B lymphocytes, T cells with helper/inducer CD4 or suppresser/cytotoxic CD8 phenotypes and the CD16 subset.RESULTS: Results showed decreases levels of CD3, CD4, and CD16 T cells in blood of patients versus healthy controls. There were increases in the percentage of the CD3 and CD4 T cells in the pleural fluid compared with values in the blood with statistical significance in tuberculous pleurisy. The values of CD8 were similar in the pleural fluid and in blood. Levels of CD16 were non-significantly higher in pleural fluid in all groups.CONCLUSION: This study confirms the hypothesis that pleural cavity is compartment with immunological reactivity and results could be used in differential diagnosis together with other examinations.

scholarly journals Pleural tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Chakrabarti ◽  
P.D.O. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Western World ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Pleural Biopsy ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Tuberculous Pleurisy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antituberculous Chemotherapy

Pleural effusions in tuberculosis are commonly seen in young adults as an immunological phenomenon occurring soon after primary infection. However, the epidemiology and demographics of tuberculous pleurisy are changing due to the impact of HIV co-infection and the increasing number of pleural effusions seen as part of re-activation disease. Pleural biopsy for histology and culture is the mainstay of diagnosis with closed needle biopsy adequate in the majority of cases. Techniques such as PCR of biopsy specimens and the role of pleural fluid ADA are still being evaluated as a diagnostic aid. Tuberculous empyema is less commonly seen in the western world and the diagnostic yield from pleural fluid here is greater than in “primary” effusions. Treatment with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy is generally successful though there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of corticosteroids in this condition.

scholarly journals ANATOMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF T AND B LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT

1973 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
pp. 1443-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Goldschneider ◽  
D. D. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Cell Surface Antigens

A method is described whereby antisera raised in rabbits to rat thoracic duct lymphocytes were made specific for the plasma membrane antigens of T and B lymphocytes. These lymphocyte-specific antisera were used in immunofluorescence assays to study the distribution of B and T cells in lymphocyte containing tissues and body fluids of the rat. Rabbit antirat B-cell serum (ALSB) reacted selectively with the surfaces of lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicles of lymph node cortex and in the follicles and marginal zones of splenic white pulp, but not with the surfaces of germinal center cells or plasma cells. An identical pattern of fluorescent staining was obtained with rabbit antirat Ig serum. It was shown by blocking, absorption, and immunoprecipitation studies that ALSB was composed in large part of antibodies to rat Ig, but that it contained antibodies to other B-cell antigens as well. Rabbit antirat T-cell serum (ALST) reacted selectively with the surfaces of lymphocytes in the paracortex of lymph node and in the periarteriolar sheath of spleen, and with thymocytes. ALST did not display anti-Ig activity. ALST reacted with approximately 100% thymocytes and with 90% thoracic duct, 80% lymph node, 60% blood, 50% spleen, and 10% bone marrow lymphocytes in suspensions of cells from these sources. ALSB reacted with the remainder of the lymphocytes in the suspensions, except for bone marrow in which only 59% of lymphocytes had detectable B- or T-cell surface antigens. The population of T lymphocytes in rat bone marrow was depleted by drainage of lymphocytes from a thoracic duct fistula, thereby establishing their membership in the pool of recirculating T cells. Approximately 14% of lymphocytes issuing from the thoracic duct of TxBM donors reacted with ALST. The presence in these animals of a small number of T cells, calculated to be approximately 2% of the normal value, may account for the limited capacity of TxBM rats to respond to antigens that induce a cell-mediated immune response.

Caspase-cleaved HPK1 induces CD95L-independent activation-induced cell death in T and B lymphocytes

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (12) ◽  
pp. 3968-3977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Brenner ◽  
Alexander Golks ◽  
Mareike Becker ◽  
Wolfgang Müller ◽  
Christian R. Frey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Cell Death Pathways ◽  
Activation Induced Cell Death ◽  
Cell Death Pathway ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Interfering Rna

Abstract Life and death of peripheral lymphocytes is strictly controlled to maintain physiologic levels of T and B cells. Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is one mechanism to delete superfluous lymphocytes by restimulation of their immunoreceptors and it depends partially on the CD95/CD95L system. Recently, we have shown that hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) determines T-cell fate. While full-length HPK1 is essential for NF-κB activation in T cells, the C-terminal fragment of HPK1, HPK1-C, suppresses NF-κB and sensitizes toward AICD by a yet undefined cell death pathway. Here we show that upon IL-2–driven expansion of primary T cells, HPK1 is converted to HPK1-C by a caspase-3 activity below the threshold of apoptosis induction. HPK1-C se-lectively blocks induction of NF-κB–dependent antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members but not of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim. Interestingly, T and B lymphocytes from HPK1-C transgenic mice undergo AICD independently of the CD95/CD95L system but involving caspase-9. Knock down of HPK1/HPK1-C or Bim by small interfering RNA shows that CD95L-dependent and HPK1/HPK1-C–dependent cell death pathways complement each other in AICD of primary T cells. Our results define HPK1-C as a suppressor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and provide a molecular basis for our understanding of CD95L-independent AICD of lymphocytes.

scholarly journals CELL INTERACTIONS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VITRO

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Feldmann
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Cell Cooperation

The mechanism of interaction of T and B lymphocytes was investigated in an in vitro hapten carrier system using culture chambers with two compartments separated by a cell impermeable nucleopore membrane. Because specific cell interaction occurred efficiently across this membrane, contact of T and B lymphocytes was not essential for cooperation which must have been mediated by a subcellular component or "factor." By using different lymphoid cell populations in the lower culture chamber and activated thymus cells in the upper chamber (with antigen present in both), it was found that the antigen-specific mediator acted indirectly on B cells, through the agency of macrophages. Macrophages which had been cultured in the presence of activated T cells and antigen acquired the capacity to specifically induce antibody responses in B cell-containing lymphoid populations. Trypsinization of these macrophages inhibited their capacity to induce immune responses, indicating that the mediator of cell cooperation is membrane bound. By using antisera to both the haptenic and carrier determinants of the antigen as blocking reagents, it was demonstrated that the whole antigen molecule was present on the surface of macrophages which had been exposed to activated T cells and antigen. Because specifically activated T cells were essential a component of the antigen-specific mediator must be derived from these cells. By using anti-immunoglobulin sera as inhibitors of the binding of the mediator to macrophages, the T cell component was indeed found to contain both κ- and µ-chains and was thus presumably a T cell-derived immunoglobulin. It was proposed that cell cooperation is mediated by complexes of T cell IgM and antigen, bound to the surface of macrophage-like cells, forming a lattice of appropriately spaced antigenic determinants. B cells become immunized by interacting with this surface. With this mechanism of cell cooperation, the actual pattern of antigen-B cell receptor interactions in immunization would be the same with both thymus-dependent and independent antigens. An essential feature of the proposed mechanism of cell cooperation is that macrophage-B cell interaction must occur at an early stage of the antibody response, a concept which is supported by many lines of evidence. Furthermore this mechanism of cell interaction can be elaborated to explain certain phenomena such as the highly immunogenic macrophage-bound antigen, antigenic competition, the distinction between immunity and tolerance in B lymphocytes, and the possible mediation of tolerance by T lymphocytes.

Immunotherapy of chronic nonspecific salpingo-oophoritis, depending on the state of reactivity of the organism

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
L. I. Maltseva
Keyword(s):  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
The State ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Immunological Reactivity

The study of allergic and immunological reactivity in 50 patients with chronic nonspecific salpingo-oophoritis was carried out. The allergological anamnesis, the index of neutrophil damage, RBTL with PHA, the content of T and B-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins A, M and G. As a result of the examination, bacterial sensitization was established in 33 women, 13 of them in combination with drug and food.

scholarly journals CELL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HISTOINCOMPATIBLE T AND B LYMPHOCYTES

1973 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Katz ◽  
Toshiyuki Hamaoka ◽  
Baruj Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Cooperative Interactions

Several experimental approaches, designed specifically to circumvent the possible contribution of a complicating "allogeneic effect," have been successfully used to answer the question of physiologic cooperative interactions between histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes in antibody responses to hapten-protein conjugates. This was accomplished for in vivo cell transfer studies by using an F1 hybrid host as the recipient of irradiated, carrier-primed T lymphocytes from one parent and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B lymphocytes from the opposite strain. Under these conditions, very good T-B cell cooperative interactions were observed to occur between T and B lymphocyte populations derived from syngeneic donors, whereas no cooperative response was obtained when T cells were derived from one parental strain and B cells from the other. Corroborative experiments were performed in a totally in vitro system in which DNP-primed B cells developed good secondary anti-DNP antibody responses in vitro to soluble DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) when cultured in the presence of irradiated KLH-primed T cells derived from syngenic donors but not from allogeneic donors. The failure of histoincompatible T and B lymphocytes to effect physiologic cooperative interactions has important implications for our understanding of how such interactions normally occur. The possibility that these results reflect the existence of a "block" of some sort to cell-cell interaction by virtue of the presence of a foreign major histocompatibility antigen on the surface of either cell has been definitively ruled out in the present studies. These observations demonstrate that the gene(s) that conditions the capability for physiologic T-B cell cooperation must be shared in common by the respective cell types, and suggest, furthermore, that this gene (or genes) belongs to the major histocompatibility system of the mouse. These findings, together with other relevant phenomena described previously, have led us to postulate that there exists on the B lymphocyte surface an "acceptor" molecule either for the putative active T cell product or for the T cell itself. The important genetic considerations and the possible sequence of events surrounding the actual T-B cell interaction implied by these postulates are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals CELL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HISTOINCOMPATIBLE T AND B LYMPHOCYTES

1973 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Hamaoka ◽  
David P. Osborne ◽  
David H. Katz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Extreme Caution ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Allogeneic Host

The adoptive transfer of 2,4-dinitrophenyl(DNP)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH)-primed lymphocytes into a heavily irradiated allogeneic recipient permits the development of a secondary anti-DNP antibody response to DNP-bovine gamma globulin(BGG) whether or not the irradiated allogeneic host possesses BGG-specific helper T cells. This "allogeneic effect" has been demonstrated to result from the capacity of residual, apparently radioresistant, T cells in the irradiated host to exert an active effect on the transferred histoincompatible B lymphocytes. This conclusion derives from two corroborative experiments. In the first, an allogeneic effect was shown to occur on DNP-primed F1 spleen cells that had been adoptively transferred to irradiated parental recipients; the second experiment demonstrated the development of an allogeneic effect on anti-θ-treated, DNP-specific donor cells transferred to irradiated allogeneic hosts. These results emphasize the extreme caution required in designing and interpreting experiments that may involve adoptive cell transfers into histoincompatible hosts, and illustrate why such models are unsuitable for investigation of the question of physiologic cooperative interactions between T and B lymphocytes. Suitable approaches are described in the accompanying paper.

scholarly journals The condition of piglet immune system during post-weaning period depending on the sex and stress-reactivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
N. V. Efanova ◽  
V. V. Gart ◽  
К. V. Zhuchaev ◽  
L. M. Osina ◽  
S. V. Batalova
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Helper T Cells ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
Antibody Synthesis ◽  
Igg Synthesis ◽  
High Proliferative Activity

The immune system of 90-day old piglets of SM-1 Novosibirsk breed piglets depends on sex and stress-reactivity. Stress-reactivity was measured using halothane test. The immunologic testing was performed 30 days after weaning. Our results show that overall piglet immune system demonstrated high proliferative activity of T- and B- immunocompetent cells with active formation of mature active T-and B-lymphocytes and did not show signs of immunosuppression. Compared to guilts, barrows had higher concentration of leucocytes, T-and B-lymphocytes, killer-supressor T-cells, activated and poorly differentiated T-lymphocytes. Gilts had higher production of inductor-helper T-cells, IgM and IgG when compared to barrows. Stress-resistant piglets had higher concentration of B-lymphocytes, IgM and IgG whereas stress-sensitive piglets had higher concentration of T-lymphocytes, supressor-killer T-cells and thymus T-lymphocytes. Gilts had higher concentration of inductor-helper T-cells than killer-supressor T-cells. Gilts overall had intensive antibody synthesis, however, stress-resistant gilts had higher IgG synthesis compared to stress-sensitive gilts. In barrows immature T-lymphocytes differentiated mainly into killer-supressor T-cells. The adaptivity of barrow immune system was characterized by high circulatory B-lymphocytes and IgM. Stress-sensitive barrows had lower antibody synthesis levels and higher T-lymphophoesis compared to stress-resistant barrows. 

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