scholarly journals Detection of Campylobacter species in stool specimens from patients with symptoms of acute flaccid paralysis in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 542-549
Author(s):  
Mandile Samantha Thobela ◽  
Anthony Marius Smith ◽  
Shelina Moonsamy ◽  
Heleen Du Plessis ◽  
Nevashan Govender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Motor Weakness ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Campylobacter Spp ◽  
True Association

Introduction: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute or subacute symmetrical ascending motor weakness, areflexia, and mild-to-moderate sensory abnormalities. Campylobacter jejuni is reported to be the most common bacterium associated with GBS cases. Despite the eradication of polio, the number of reported GBS cases remains considerably high in South Africa with the causative agents not being well described. Methodology: The aim of the study was to investigate the proportion of Campylobacter spp. detected in stool specimens from patients with symptoms of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Stool specimens from patients presenting with AFP, that were negative for polio and non-polio enteroviruses (NPENT), were processed and screened for the presence of Campylobacter spp. using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results: Of the 512 stool specimens screened between October 2014 to December 2015, 12% (62/512) were positive for Campylobacter spp. Of these 62 Campylobacter infections: 77.4% (48/62) was C. jejuni; 19.4% (12/62) was Campylobacter coli; 3.2% (2/62) was mixed infections of C. jejuni and C. coli. Conclusions: True association of the disease with Campylobacter spp. will enable the proportion of Campylobacter-induced GBS to be better described in South Africa; this can only be done through systematic studies that include bacterial culture and serology together with molecular methodologies.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Poultry in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Pillay ◽  
Daniel G. Amoako ◽  
Akebe L. K. Abia ◽  
Anou M. Somboro ◽  
Christiana O. Shobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Gyra Mutation ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

This study investigated the antibiotic resistance, virulence profiles, and clonality of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from an intensive poultry farming system in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Following ethical approval, samples were collected over six weeks using the farm-to-fork approach. Campylobacter spp. were identified using culture, confirmed and differentiated to species level by PCR, and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Selected antibiotic resistance (and mutations) and virulence genes were screened by PCR and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Genetic relatedness amongst the isolates was ascertained using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In all, 105 isolates were confirmed as belonging to both Campylobacter coli (60; 57%) and C. jejuni (45; 43%). The highest resistance was recorded against erythromycin and clindamycin. The gyrA mutation, A20175C/A2074G point mutation, tet(O), and cmeB, all associated with antibiotic resistance, were detected. All the virulence genes (pldA, ciaB, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, dnaJ, except for cadF) were also detected. Isolates were grouped into five pulsotypes displaying 85% similarity, irrespective of their resistance profiles. The numerous permutations of clonality, antibiotic resistance, and virulence profiles evident in Campylobacter spp. pose a challenge to food safety and necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the molecular epidemiology of this organism to decrease its spread in the food chain.

scholarly journals Genetic characterisation of virulence genes associated with adherence, invasion and cytotoxicity in Campylobacter spp. isolated from commercial chickens and human clinical cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Reddy ◽  
Oliver T. Zishiri
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Virulence-associated genes have been recognised and detected in Campylobacter species. The majority of them have been proven to be associated with pathogenicity. This study aimed to detect the presence of virulence genes associated with pathogenicity and responsible for invasion, expression of adherence, colonisation and production of the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Commercial chicken faecal samples were randomly sampled from chicken farms within the Durban metropolitan area in South Africa. Furthermore, human clinical Campylobacter spp. isolates were randomly sampled from a private pathology laboratory in South Africa. Out of a total of 100 chicken faecal samples, 78% (n = 78) were positive for Campylobacter growth on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate and from the random laboratory collection of 100 human clinical isolates, 83% (n = 83) demonstrated positive Campylobacter spp. growth following culturing methods. These samples were screened for the presence of the following virulence genes: cadF, hipO, asp, ciaB, dnaJ, pldA, cdtA, cdtB and cdtC. As expected, the cadF gene was present in 100% of poultry (n = 78) and human clinical isolates (n = 83). Campylobacter jejuni was the main species detected in both poultry and human clinical isolates, whilst C. coli were detected at a significantly lower percentage (p < 0.05). Eight per cent of the C. jejuni from human clinical isolates had all virulence genes that were investigated. Only one C. coli isolate demonstrated the presence of all the virulence genes investigated; however, the pldA virulence gene was detected in 100% of the C. coli isolates in poultry and a high percentage (71%) in human clinical C. coli isolates as well. The detection of cdt genes was found at higher frequency in poultry than human clinical isolates. The high prevalence rates of virulence genes detected in poultry and human clinical isolates demonstrate their significance in the pathogenicity of Campylobacter species.

scholarly journals Surveillance during an era of rapidly changing poliovirus epidemiology in India: the role of one vs. two stool specimens in poliovirus detection, 2000–2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. CARDEMIL ◽  
M. RATHEE ◽  
H. GARY ◽  
K. WANNEMUEHLER ◽  
A. ANAND ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Stool Specimen ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Stool Specimens

SUMMARYSince 2004, efforts to improve poliovirus detection have significantly increased the volume of specimen testing from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) patients in India. One option to decrease collection and testing burden would be collecting only a single stool specimen instead of two. We investigated stool specimen sensitivity for poliovirus detection in India to estimate the contribution of the second specimen. We reviewed poliovirus isolation data for 303984 children aged <15 years with AFP during 2000–2010. Using maximum-likelihood estimation, we determined specimen sensitivity of each stool specimen, combined sensitivity of both specimens, and sensitivity added by the second specimen. Of 5184 AFP patients with poliovirus isolates, 382 (7·4%) were identified only by the second specimen. Sensitivity was 91·4% for the first specimen and 84·5% for the second specimen; the second specimen added 7·3% sensitivity, giving a combined sensitivity of 98·7%. Combined sensitivity declined, and added sensitivity increased, as the time from paralysis onset to stool collection increased (P = 0·032). The sensitivity added by the second specimen is important to detect the last chains of poliovirus transmission and to achieve certification of polio eradication. For sensitive surveillance, two stool specimens should continue to be collected from each AFP patient in India.

scholarly journals Whole-Genome Sequences of Enteroviruses D94 and D111 Isolated from Stool Specimens in Angola

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shur-Wern W. Chern ◽  
Nicksy Gumede ◽  
Christina J. Castro ◽  
W. Allan Nix ◽  
Terry Fei Fan Ng
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Stool Specimens

We report the whole-genome sequences of new enterovirus D94 and D111 strains, isolated from a culture from stool specimens collected from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases for poliovirus surveillance in Angola during 2010.

scholarly journals The Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance System in Yemen, 2010-2015: Descriptive Study Based on Secondary Data Analysis (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Abdullah Almoayed ◽  
Ali Bin Break ◽  
Mutahar Al-Qassimi ◽  
Ali Assabri ◽  
Yousef Khader
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Central Level

BACKGROUND Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is an essential strategy for poliovirus eradication. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the AFP surveillance system in Yemen from 2010 to 2015, identify components that require strengthening, and compare the indicators by year and governorates. METHODS This descriptive study was based on secondary analysis of AFP surveillance data reported during 2010-2015 from all Yemeni governorates. The World Health Organization (WHO) minimum performance standards were used to evaluate the performance of the AFP surveillance system. RESULTS A total of 3019 AFP cases were reported between January 2010 and December 2015. At the national level, AFP surveillance achieved WHO targets throughout the evaluating period for the nonpolio AFP rate of cases per 100,000 members of the population younger than 15 years of age, proportion of AFP cases reported within 7 days, proportion of AFP cases investigated within 48 hours of notification, proportion of AFP cases with two adequate stool specimens, and proportion of stool specimens from which nonpolio enterovirus was isolated. However, the proportion of specimens that arrived at the central level within 3 days of the first sample collection and the proportion of stool specimens with results sent from the reference laboratory within 28 days of receipt did not reach targets in 2011 and 2015, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The AFP surveillance system in Yemen has met most of the WHO indicator levels. Nevertheless, the evaluation showed areas of weakness regarding the arrival of specimens at the central level within 3 days of the first sample collection and delays in processing of the results and submitting feedback by the laboratory. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen the follow-up of specimens submitted to the laboratory.

scholarly journals Etiologic Involvement of Enterovirus and Human Bocavirus in Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S313-S313
Author(s):  
Manjari Baluni ◽  
Dharamveer Singh ◽  
Sneha Ghildiyal ◽  
Tanzeem Fatima ◽  
Amreen Zia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Clinical Specimen ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Abstract Background Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), characterized by the rapid onset of asymmetric paralysis, can be caused by a variety of viral infections or coinfections. Besides wild-type and revertant vaccine strains of polioviruses, several nonpolio enteroviruses, have also been associated with AFP. Enteroviruses (EVs) are RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae comprising more than 100 serotypes that are divided into four species, human enteroviruses A to D. The clinical manifestations of EVs range from conjunctivitis, respiratory tract infection, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis, and neonatal sepsis, like illness. Human Bocavirus (HBoV), a newly classified member of the Parvoviridae family, has been detected frequently in feces of diarrhoeic children suggesting its possible etiological involvement in the disease. Methods Total 586 stool specimens were collected in 2016 from children suspected for AFP. Molecular method for targeting 5’ untranslated region (UTR) and VP1 capsid region was used for detection of human enteroviruses (HEV), human boca viruses (HBoV) and saffold viruses in direct clinical specimen. Results EV RNA was detected in 103 (17.6%) of 586 stool specimens by real-time RT-PCR targeting the highly conserved 5’ UTR region. Out of them, 71 (12.11%) were NPEV, partially sequenced by VP1 which revealed the prevalence of echovirus (ECV) 19 (n = 6), ECV 11 (n = 7), ECV 18 (n = 4), ECV 33 (n = 5), ECV 29 (n = 1), ECV 25 (n = 2), ECV 24 (n = 3), ECV 3 (n = 3), ECV 14 (n = 2), ECV 13 (n = 1), ECV 2 (n = 1), ECV 20 (n = 2), ECV 27 (n = 4), ECV 6 (n = 2), CV A10 (n = 2), CV A9 (n = 1), CV A6 (n = 2), CV B4 (n = 1), CV B5 (n = 3), CV B6 (n = 3), EV 80 (n = 1), EV 83 (n = 1), EV 97 (n = 2). Total 63 (10.75%) HBoVs were detected by real-time PCR which were further sequenced by VP1, consists of HBoV-1 (n = 8), HBoV-2 (n = 15), HBoV-3 (n = 9) and HBoV-4 (n = 5). Out of them 9 (1.5%) were detected as co infection with NPEVs. Phylogenetic analysis showed 0.9 - 5.6% divergence at nucleotide level among HBoVs. Total 9 (1.5%) saffold viruses was detected and characterized by VP1 sequencing. Conclusion ECV and HBoV were found the main etiologic agent in children suspected with AFP. Molecular typing of these viruses is useful for characterizing emerging serotypes and their epidemiological investigation. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Using Nonpolio Enterovirus Detection to Assess the Integrity of Stool Specimens Collected From Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Somalia During 2014–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amen Ben Hamida ◽  
Kamil Mohamed Ali ◽  
Rennatus Mdodo ◽  
Abdinoor Mohamed ◽  
Kumlachew Mengistu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Key Indicators

Abstract Background Despite insecurity challenges in Somalia, key indicators for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance have met recommended targets. However, recent outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses have raised concerns about possible gaps. We analyzed nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) and Sabin poliovirus isolation rates to investigate whether comparing these rates can inform about the integrity of stool specimens from inaccessible areas and the likelihood of detecting circulating polioviruses. Methods Using logistic regression, we analyzed case-based AFP surveillance data for 1348 cases with onset during 2014−2017. We assessed the adjusted impacts of variables including age, accessibility, and Sabin-like virus isolation on NPEV detection. Results NPEVs were more likely to be isolated from AFP case patients reported from inaccessible areas than accessible areas (23% vs 15%; P = .01). In a multivariable model, inaccessibility and detection of Sabin-like virus were positively associated with NPEV detection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–2.65; and AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.07–2.90; respectively), while being aged ≥5 years was negatively associated (AOR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20–0.85). Conclusions Rates of NPEV and Sabin poliovirus detection in inaccessible areas suggest that the integrity of fecal specimens tested for AFP surveillance in Somalia can generate useful AFP data, but uncertainties remain about surveillance system quality.

scholarly journals Impact of the protracted war on performance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance System Indicators, Yemen: 2014-2017 (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riham Al-Dubaiee ◽  
Mutaher AL Qassimi ◽  
Ahmed Al-Dar ◽  
Abdulwahed Al Serouri ◽  
Yousef Khader
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Highly sensitive acute flaccid paralysis surveillance (AFP), which include immediate case investigation, and specimen collection are critical for reaching polio global eradication. In Yemen, the Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance System (AFPSS) was launched in 1998 to achieve the polio eradication target. Although Yemen was certified as polio free country in 2009, the protracted war since 2015 put the country at risk for polio re-emergence OBJECTIVE to evaluate the performance of the Yemen AFPSS at both national and governorate levels and to assess the impact of the ongoing war on the performance METHODS Retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted on Yemen secondary AFP surveillance data for the years 2014 (before the war) and 2015-2017 (during the war). Data consisting of all children <15years reported as AFP. AFP surveillance performance was evaluated using WHO-specified AFP surveillance indicators RESULTS At the national level, all indicators were met before and after the war except for the “Lab results received ≤ 28 days” that was unmet since the war erupted. Furthermore, the “Stool specimens arriving at central level ≤3 days” was unmet after the war but only in 2017. At the governorate level, although the “Adequacy” and "Stool specimens arriving at laboratory in good condition” indicators were met before the war in all governorates, the first indicator was unmet in 9 (41%) governorates since the war erupted and the second was unmet in 9 governorates (41%) but only in 2017 CONCLUSIONS Findings showed that some of the AFP indicators was negatively impacted by eruption of the war due to closure of the Sana'a capital airport and postponement of samples during shipment to the reference laboratory under poor storage condition. To ensure rapid detection of any polio cases, improving specimens’ collection, storage, and transportation together with proper and timely specimens' shipment to the reference laboratory should be considered

scholarly journals The Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance System in Yemen, 2010-2015: Descriptive Study Based on Secondary Data Analysis

10.2196/14413 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. e14413
Author(s):  
Khaled Abdullah Almoayed ◽  
Ali Bin Break ◽  
Mutahar Al-Qassimi ◽  
Ali Assabri ◽  
Yousef Khader
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Central Level

Background Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is an essential strategy for poliovirus eradication. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the AFP surveillance system in Yemen from 2010 to 2015, identify components that require strengthening, and compare the indicators by year and governorates. Methods This descriptive study was based on secondary analysis of AFP surveillance data reported during 2010-2015 from all Yemeni governorates. The World Health Organization (WHO) minimum performance standards were used to evaluate the performance of the AFP surveillance system. Results A total of 3019 AFP cases were reported between January 2010 and December 2015. At the national level, AFP surveillance achieved WHO targets throughout the evaluating period for the nonpolio AFP rate of cases per 100,000 members of the population younger than 15 years of age, proportion of AFP cases reported within 7 days, proportion of AFP cases investigated within 48 hours of notification, proportion of AFP cases with two adequate stool specimens, and proportion of stool specimens from which nonpolio enterovirus was isolated. However, the proportion of specimens that arrived at the central level within 3 days of the first sample collection and the proportion of stool specimens with results sent from the reference laboratory within 28 days of receipt did not reach targets in 2011 and 2015, respectively. Conclusions The AFP surveillance system in Yemen has met most of the WHO indicator levels. Nevertheless, the evaluation showed areas of weakness regarding the arrival of specimens at the central level within 3 days of the first sample collection and delays in processing of the results and submitting feedback by the laboratory. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen the follow-up of specimens submitted to the laboratory.

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