scholarly journals An Algerian perspective on non-typhoidal Salmonella infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (08) ◽  
pp. 583-590
Author(s):  
Bilal Djeghout ◽  
Ammar Ayachi ◽  
Bianca Paglietti ◽  
Gemma C. Langridge ◽  
Salvatore Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
And Control

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) represents a leading cause of food-borne disease worldwide. It is a global public health concern: more than 94 million cases and 115,000 deaths are reported every year, with a disproportionate impact in developing countries. The prevalence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains is another major health concern which affects antimicrobial treatment, as many studies report that infections caused by MDR strains are more severe than those caused by susceptible strains. In Algeria, NTS represent one of the primary causes of salmonellosis in both humans and food animal production, especially poultry. Epidemiological surveillance systems and monitoring programs for Salmonella infections are essential requirements to provide data useful for the effective detection and control of Salmonella outbreaks. The present review will supply a perspective on NTS infection, pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance with a focus on the epidemiology of salmonellosis in Algeria.

scholarly journals One health approach of campylobacteriosis in Egypt: An emerging zoonotic disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 956-960
Author(s):  
Wafaa A Abd El-Ghany
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Cattle Meat ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

World Health Organization (WHO) defined zoonotic diseases as diseases transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa with or without vector, where more than 75% of the human’s diseases have been transmitted from animals or their products. Nevertheless, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important food borne zoonotic diseases that is likely to challenge global public health all over the world. In Egypt, campylobacteriosis causes severe losses in comparison with other food borne pathogens like Salmonella or Escherichia coli. The potential sources of Campylobacter transmission are poultry backyards and meat, cattle meat, raw milk and water. The main clinical manifestations of human’s campylobacteriosis are gastroenteritis and later on nervous signs. Prevention and control strategic plans of campylobacteriosis are very crucial.

scholarly journals Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants against Leishmaniasis: a public health concern

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Kashif Hussain ◽  
◽  
Rao Zahid Abbas ◽  
Asghar Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Asif Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
And Control ◽  
Important Disease

Leishmaniasis is an important disease affecting global public health which is spread by sand fly having different species. Various chemical drugs are used to treat and control Leishmaniasis including pentavalent antimonials, antimicrobial and antibiotics. Due to emergence of drug resistance, these therapeutic options are losing effectiveness in attaining success. Furthermore, these drugs are expensive and have toxic effects on liver and kidneys. There has been an emerging interest and excellent response by using plant based drugs and extracts to control Leishmaniasis. Different medicinal plants including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Allium sativum, Peganum harmala and Nigella sativa have shown excellent anti-leishmanial activity. Therefore, medicinal plants can help in effective drug development against Leishmaniasis diseases in both animals and humans which will be safer and health protective.

scholarly journals An overview of antimicrobial resistance surveillance among healthcare-associated pathogens in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashika Singh-Moodley ◽  
Husna Ismail ◽  
Olga Perovic
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
And Control

Healthcare-associated infections are a serious public health concern resulting in morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries. The lack of information from Africa, the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of new resistance mechanisms intensifies this concern warranting the need for vigorous standardised surveillance platforms that produce reliable and accurate data which can be used for addressing these concerns. The implementation of national treatment guidelines, policies, antimicrobial stewardship programmes and infection prevention and control practices within healthcare institutions require a platform from which it can draw information and direct its approach. In this review, the importance of standardised surveillance systems, the challenges faced in the application of a surveillance system and the condition (existence and nonexistence) of such systems in African countries is discussed. This review also reports on some South African data.

scholarly journals Analysis of influenza data generated by four epidemiological surveillance laboratories in Mexico, 2010–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Fernandes-Matano ◽  
I. E. Monroy-Muñoz ◽  
M. Bermúdez de León ◽  
Y. A. Leal-Herrera ◽  
I. D. Palomec-Nava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

AbstractThe disease caused by the influenza virus is a global public health problem due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality. Thus, analysis of the information generated by epidemiological surveillance systems has vital importance for health decision making. A retrospective analysis was performed using data generated by the four molecular diagnostic laboratories of the Mexican Social Security Institute between 2010 and 2016. Demographics, influenza positivity, seasonality, treatment choices and vaccination status analyses were performed for the vaccine according to its composition for each season. In all cases, both the different influenza subtypes and different age groups were considered separately. The circulation of A/H1N1pdm09 (48.7%), influenza A/H3N2 (21.1%), influenza B (12.6%), influenza A not subtyped (11%) and influenza A/H1N1 (6.6%) exhibited well-defined annual seasonality between November and March, and there were significant increases in the number of cases every 2 years. An inadequate use of oseltamivir was determined in 38% of cases, and the vaccination status in general varied between 12.1 and 18.5% depending on the season. Our results provide current information about influenza in Mexico and demonstrate the need to update both operational case definitions and medical practice guidelines to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics and antivirals.

scholarly journals Medidas De Prevención De Infecciones Y Colonizaciones Nosocomiales Por Enterococcus Faecium Resistente A Vancomicina

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (25) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Sandra Alvarez Hidalgo ◽  
Ruth Magdalena Gallegos Torres ◽  
Juan Campos Guillén ◽  
Maribel Liñan Fernandez ◽  
Aide Teran Alcocer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
English Language ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Health Care Associated Infections ◽  
And Control

Las Infecciones Asociadas a la Atención de la Salud (IAAS) son un problema de salud pública global, causado por microorganismos oportunistas, dentro de los cuales los Enterococcus faecium resistentes a vancomicina (ERV) son una de las tres principales especies de bacterias responsables. La colonización intestinal por ERV es considerada requisito y factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de estas infecciones. La presencia de ERV se ha asociado a multi-terapia antimicrobiana, largas estancias hospitalarias, inmunosupresión y enfermedades graves. Se ha propuesto que la diseminación intrahospitalaria entre pacientes, por el personal de salud o vía fómites, es el mecanismo de transmisión en infecciones y brotes hospitalarios. Éste es un artículo de revisión que resume las publicaciones en habla inglesa de la última década, acerca de las principales recomendaciones de prevención y control de brotes por ERV. Las medidas para la prevención y contención de la colonización e infecciones por ERV se clasificaron en: 1) medidas de vigilancia epidemiológica y detección temprana; 2) prevención de la colonización y eliminación de reservorios; 3) Manejo de pacientes colonizados y/o infectados; y 4) recomendaciones para el uso razonados de antimicrobianos y tratamiento empírico inicial de las infecciones por ERV. El impacto positivo de la implementación de este tipo de medidas ha sido demostrado por distintos autores. Health Care Associated Infections (HAI) are a global public health problem caused by opportunistic microorganisms, among which vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) are considered one of the three main responsible bacteria. The colonic colonization by VRE is considered a requirement as well as risk factor for the development of these infections. The presence of VRE has been associated with multiple antimicrobial therapy, prolonged hospitalization, immunosuppression, or serious diseases. Intrahospital dissemination between patients, through healthcare workers or via fomites, has been described as the transmission mechanism in endemic infections and hospital outbreaks. This is a review article in Spanish that compiles the English-language publications of the last decade, about the main recommendations for the prevention and control of VRE outbreaks. Recommendations for prevention and control of VRE colonization and infection are classified in: 1) epidemiological surveillance and early detection measures; 2) prevention of colonization and reservoirs elimination; 3) management of colonized and / or infected patients; and 4) recommendations for rational use of antimicrobials and initial empirical VRE infection treatment. The positive impact of the implementation of this type of measures has been demonstrated by different authors.

scholarly journals Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lourenço ◽  
M Maia de Lima ◽  
NR Faria ◽  
A Walker ◽  
MUG Kraemer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The City

AbstractZika has emerged as a global public health concern. Although its rapid geographic expansion can be attributed to the success of its Aedes mosquito vectors, local epidemiological drivers are still poorly understood. The city of Feira de Santana played a pivotal role in the early phases of the Chikungunya and Zika epidemics in Brazil. Here, using a climate-driven transmission model, we show that low Zika observation rates and a high vectorial capacity in this region were responsible for a high attack rate during the 2015 outbreak and the subsequent decline in cases in 2016, when the epidemic was peaking in the rest of the country. Our projections indicate that the balance between the loss of herd-immunity and the frequency of viral re-importation will dictate the transmission potential of Zika in this region in the near future. Sporadic outbreaks are expected but unlikely to be detected under current surveillance systems.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude, and Prevention Practice on Dengue and Dengue Seroprevalence in a Dengue Hotspot in Sabah, East Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhanye Mac Guad ◽  
Maw Shin Sim ◽  
Yuan Seng Wu ◽  
Yin Nwe Aung ◽  
Wah Yun Low ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Seroprevalence Study ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
East Malaysia ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Dengue, a major global public health concern, is growing more prevalent. Extensive measures have been undertaken to prevent and control dengue transmission in Malaysia including understanding and modification of human behaviour. This study was designed to assist in planning an effective health intervention for dengue by measuring residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) in hotspot areas of Sabah, East Malaysia. Methods: A community-based and cross-sectional study was conducted at dengue hotspot area in Sabah involving 463 residents (aged 18 years and above). Information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the residents and their KAP towards dengue was collected using a structured pre-validated questionnaire developed by the researchers. In addition, residents were invited to participate in a dengue seroprevalence study using dengue Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA kit. Results: Most of the residents correctly identified common signs and symptoms of dengue such as fever (84.4%), chills (70.7%), and nausea or vomiting (56.0%). Nearly half of the residents (51.3%) had good knowledge, 66.0% had a positive attitude, and 63.7% had a positive practice for dengue prevention and control, respectively. The dengue seroprevalence study included 200 of the 463 residents; IgG and IgM seropositivity was 74.1% (n = 63) and 7.1% (n = 6) respectively. Based on logistic regression analysis, local and migrants differs considerably in terms of their knowledge and attitude toward dengue prevention and control, while gender and level of education were predictive of practice level (p<0.05) among all sociodemographic variables examined. Knowledge was correlated with attitude (p<0.0001) and practice (p< 0.0014). Discussion: To combat dengue epidemics in the hotspot area of Sabah, a proactive and behavioural changes among residents, are required. To effectively prevent and manage dengue transmission, a collaborative effort of government sectors, private sectors, housing residential committees, and community residents is essential.

Impact of literacy on hypertension knowledge and control of blood pressure in a southern Indian tertiary hospital.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhana Rahman ◽  
Nagasundaram Muthaiah ◽  
Krishna Prasanth ◽  
Arvind Singh ◽  
Uthra Satagopan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
School Group ◽  
Adherence To Medication ◽  
And Control

Background : Hypertension is a global public health concern. Awareness and knowledge about the disease in a community collectively would allow adequate prevention, promote self-care practices, adherence to medication and ultimately effective management of hypertension. Aim: To ascertain the level of education associated with knowledge of hypertension and control of blood pressure. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey consisting of item questions about awareness and knowledge of hypertension. Hypertensive patients (n = 424) of both genders and more than 20 years of age were included in the study. Hypertensive patients were divided into two groups (school group and school pass-out group) to assess the level of knowledge. Chi-square test was performed to determine the assessment, and p-value < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Out of 424 participants, 71.2% were school group and 28.7% school pass-out group. School pass-out group had significant knowledge about dangerous natural course of hypertension (p = 0.00069), hypertension can lead to death if untreated (p = 0.015), benefits of cessation of smoking (p = 0.03), advantage of limiting alcohol (p = 0.019) and performing regular exercise (p = 0.013) reduces blood pressure. School pass-out group had significant (p = 0.04) hypertension control compared to the school group. Conclusion: Educational status plays a vital role in increasing knowledge and improving the management of hypertension through better selfcare practices and strict adherence to medication. Community-based health education interventional programs targeting the lower socioeconomic group of a population would help to reduce the gap in awareness and effective control of hypertension.

scholarly journals Renewed Global Partnerships and Redesigned Roadmaps for Rabies Prevention and Control

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Lembo ◽  
Michaël Attlan ◽  
Hervé Bourhy ◽  
Sarah Cleaveland ◽  
Peter Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rabies Prevention

Canine rabies, responsible for most human rabies deaths, is a serious global public health concern. This zoonosis is entirely preventable, but by focusing solely upon rabies prevention in humans, this “incurable wound” persists at high costs. Although preventing human deaths through canine rabies elimination is feasible, dog rabies control is often neglected, because dogs are not considered typical economic commodities by the animal health sector. Here, we demonstrate that the responsibility of managing rabies falls upon multiple sectors, that a truly integrated approach is the key to rabies elimination, and that considerable progress has been made to this effect. Achievements include the construction of global rabies networks and organizational partnerships; development of road maps, operational toolkits, and a blueprint for rabies prevention and control; and opportunities for scaling up and replication of successful programs. Progress must continue towards overcoming the remaining challenges preventing the ultimate goal of rabies elimination.

scholarly journals Illustrative examples of probable transfer of resistance determinants from food animals to humans: Streptothricins, glycopeptides, and colistin

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hattie E. Webb ◽  
Frederick J. Angulo ◽  
Sophie A. Granier ◽  
H. Morgan Scott ◽  
Guy H. Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Food Animals

Use, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobials contributes to selection and dissemination of bacterial resistance determinants that may be transferred to humans and constitute a global public health concern. Because of the continued emergence and expansion of antimicrobial resistance, combined with the lack of novel antimicrobial agents, efforts are underway to preserve the efficacy of current available life-saving antimicrobials in humans. As a result, uses of medically important antimicrobials in food animal production have generated debate and led to calls to reduce both antimicrobial use and the need for use. This manuscript, commissioned by the World Health Organization (WHO) to help inform the development of the WHO guidelines on the use of medically important antimicrobials in food animals, includes three illustrations of antimicrobial use in food animal production that has contributed to the selection—and subsequent transfer—of resistance determinants from food animals to humans. Herein, antimicrobial use and the epidemiology of bacterial resistance are described for streptothricins, glycopeptides, and colistin. Taken together, these historical and current narratives reinforce the need for actions that will preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials.

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