scholarly journals HCV non-1b genotypes in injecting drug users from Romania

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Ruta ◽  
Camelia Sultana ◽  
Cristiana Oprea ◽  
Codruta Vagu ◽  
Emanoil Ceausu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Hcv Genotypes ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Reverse Hybridization ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Introduction: Chronic hepatitis C cases diagnosed in Romania were mostly related to unsafe parenteral treatments and blood transfusions; HCV genotype 1b was prevalent. During the last decade, an increasing number of HCV infections was reported among people who inject drugs (PWID). The aim of the current study was to test if this epidemiological shift triggered a diversification of the circulating viral strains. Methodology: HCV genotypes were determined by reverse hybridization in 130 HCV-infected PWID (87.7% males; mean age 27.9 ± 6.7 years, injecting drugs for 8.1 ± 4.8 years). Results: HIV-HCV co-infection was diagnosed in 80.8% of the subjects and 26.9% were HIV-HCV-HBV triple infected. Active HCV viral replication was present in 104 PWID (80%), more frequently in those HIV-co-infected (91.4% vs. 52% in HCV mono-infected, and 77.148.5% in HIV-HCV-HBV triple-infected, p = 0.0001). Non-1b genotypes were prevalent (54.8%), with subtype 1a the most commonly detected (24%), followed by genotypes 3a (14.4%) and 4 (7.7%). Mixed infections with genotypes 1a and 1b were found in nine subjects (8.7%). There was no difference in the genotypes frequencies based on HIV or HBV co-infection status, length of drug usage, or associated risk factors (tattoos, piercing, detention). Conclusion: The continuous surveillance of HCV genotypes in PWID from Romania will add valuable information to the overall European epidemiological picture, with important therapeutic implications.

scholarly journals Changing epidemiology and viral interplay of hepatitis B, C and D among injecting drug user-dominant prisoners in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Ying Lu ◽  
Chun-Ting Chen ◽  
Yu-Lueng Shih ◽  
Pei-Chien Tsai ◽  
Meng-Hsuan Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
Hcv Genotypes ◽  
Hbsag Carriers ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Hdv Infection ◽  
Hbsag Seropositivity

AbstractThe spreading of viral hepatitis among injecting drug users (IDU) is an emerging public health concern. This study explored the prevalence and the risks of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) among IDU-dominant prisoners in Taiwan. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HDV (anti-HDV), viral load and HCV genotypes were measured in 1137(67.0%) of 1697 prisoners. 89.2% of participants were IDUs and none had HIV infection. The prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HCV, dual HBsAg/anti-HCV, HBsAg/anti-HDV, and triple HBsAg/anti-HCV/anti-HDV was 13.6%, 34.8%, 4.9%, 3.4%, and 2.8%, respectively. HBV viremia rate was significantly lower in HBV/HCV-coinfected than HBV mono-infected subjects (66.1% versus 89.9%, adjusted odds ratio/95% confidence intervals [aOR/CI] = 0.27/0.10–0.73). 47.5% anti-HCV-seropositive subjects (n = 396) were non-viremic, including 23.2% subjects were antivirals-induced. The predominant HCV genotypes were genotype 6(40.9%), 1a(24.0%) and 3(11.1%). HBsAg seropositivity was negatively correlated with HCV viremia among the treatment naïve HCV subjects (44.7% versus 72.4%, aOR/CI = 0.27/0.13–0.58). Anti-HCV seropositivity significantly increased the risk of anti-HDV-seropositivity among HBsAg carriers (57.1% versus 7.1%, aOR/CI = 15.73/6.04–40.96). In conclusion, IUDs remain as reservoirs for multiple hepatitis viruses infection among HIV-uninfected prisoners in Taiwan. HCV infection increased the risk of HDV infection but suppressed HBV replication in HBsAg carriers. An effective strategy is mandatory to control the epidemic in this high-risk group.

scholarly journals The Deterministic Evolution Of Illicit Drug Consumption Within a Given Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 139-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusra Bibi Ruhomally ◽  
Nabeelah Banon Jahmeerbaccus ◽  
Muhammad Zaid Dauhoo
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Evolution ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Epidemic Threshold ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Reproduction Numbers

We study the NERA model that describes the dynamic evolution of illicit drug usage in a population. The model consists of nonusers (N) and three categories of drug users: the experimental (E) category, the recreational (R) category and the addict (A) category. Two epidemic threshold term known as the reproduction numbers, R0 and μ are defined and derived. Sensitivity analysis of R0 on the parameters are performed in order to determine their relative importance to illicit drug prevalence. The local and global stability of the equilibrium states are also analysed. We also prove that a transcritical bifurcation occurs at R0 = 1. It is shown that an effective campaign of prevention can help to fight against the prevalence of illicit drug consumption. We demonstrate persistence when R0 > 1 and conditions for the extinction of drug consumption are also established. Numerical simulations are performed to verify our model. Our results show that the NERA model can assist policy makers in targeting prevention for maximum effectiveness and can be used to adopt evidence-based policies to better monitor and quantify drug use trends.

PARENTAL DRUG USAGE: EFFECT UPON CHROMOSOMES OF PROGENY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1041
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Dumars
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Chromosomal Breakage ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Illicit Drug Users ◽  
Significant Difference

Illicit drug usage is a serious medical problem. Parental use of LSD and the effect upon the unborn infant is in question. However, parental use of LSD has often prevented acceptance of those children subsequently relinquished for adoption. In this study we reviewed the records and clinical state of over 1,000 consecutive infants who were relinquished for adoption. Clinical and developmental examination was conducted upon 47 and chromosomal karyotyping upon 41/47 infants whose parents were illicit drug users. In comparison with comparable controls we found no statistically significant difference in the incidence of chromosomal breakage or rearrangement. Parental use of illicit drugs does not in itself constitute a valid reason for the refusal to accept or place an infant relinquished for adoption.

scholarly journals Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B and C Infections and an Assessment of HCV-Genotypes and Two IL28B SNPs among People Who Inject Drugs in Three Regions of Nepal

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e0134455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Tilmann Kinkel ◽  
Dibesh Karmacharya ◽  
Jivan Shakya ◽  
Sulochana Manandhar ◽  
Santosh Panthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Hcv Genotypes

Toward a Typology of Normative Drug Users Based on Levels of Functioning, Justifications and Types of Use

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-258
Author(s):  
Moran Chassid-Segin ◽  
Keren Gueta ◽  
Natti Ronel
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Level Of Functioning ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Levels Of Functioning

The study explores 29 individuals who described themselves as functioning normatively while using drugs on a regular basis. They defined their use as intensive, constant, and playing a significant part in their normative lives. The content analysis revealed a typology consisting of four different types of normative users: the socially connected users, the better coping users, the ambivalent users, and the recovering users. This typology was created on the basis of three axes: level of functioning, justification of use, style of use. Our typology highlights the differences between normative users with varying patterns of drug usage and levels of functioning, ranging from users who claim that drug use causes them no harm to those who acknowledge that drug use has significantly damaged their functioning. This typology places particular emphasis on normative users who are experiencing a range of difficulties and need specific forms of therapy to preserve their normative lives.

Values and Attitudes of High School Drug Users

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan L. Graham ◽  
William C. Cross
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
School Level ◽  
Research Information ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Twelfth Grade

It is reported that there is a lack of reliable research information about illegal drug usage at the high school level. This study seeks to identify personal value orientations, philosophical attitudes, and social attitudes evident in this age group. Two questionnaires (Philosophical Attitude Description Inventory and Personal Attitude Questionnaire) were administered to 700 eleventh and twelfth grade students. Factor analysis yielded constructs of life styles. Significant differences were demonstrated between users' and non-users' values by discriminate analysis.

scholarly journals Non -fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Noroozi ◽  
Peter Higgs ◽  
Azadeh Bayani ◽  
Bahram Armoon ◽  
Ali Nazeri Astaneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fatal Overdose ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Abstract Background With increasing frequencies of non-fatal overdose in people who inject drugs (PWID), it is essential to improve our knowledge about associated risk factors for overdose to inform overdose prevention and assistance programs. The aim of present study was to determine the prevalence of non-fatal overdose and the associated risk factors among PWID in Tehran, Iran. Methods Snowball sampling was used to collect data from 465 participants in Tehran using a cross-sectional survey. Consenting participants who reported drug injecting in the past month and were able to speak and comprehend Farsi enough to respond to survey questions were interviewed. The endpoint of interest was non-fatal overdose in the previous 6 months, or answering “Yes” to the question: “In the last six months, have you ever overdosed by accident? (at least once)”. We used STATA v. 14 for this analysis. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 for all analyses. Results Of 465 PWIDs who participated in this study, all were male, and about half had less than a high school education. The prevalence of self-reported non-fatal overdose in the past 6 months was 38% (CI95%: 34, 43%). Our findings indicate that characteristics and behaviors that were associated with an increased risk of experiencing an overdose in the past 6 months were drug use initiation under 22 years (AOR =2.2, P < 0.05), using methamphetamine (AOR =2.8, P < 0.05), and using multiple drugs at the same time (AOR =2.1, P < 0.05). Also, more recent initiates to injecting (< 2 years) had an increased risk of experiencing an overdose in the past 6 months. The odds of experiencing a non-fatal overdose among PWIDs who regularly attended NSP were 0.6 times less than for those who did not attend regularly (OR = 0.6,95% CI: 0.2–0.9). Conclusion Methamphetamine and alcohol use were the most significant association for non-fatal overdose among PWIDs. Our results indicate that intervention and prevention initiatives seeking to reduce overdoses among PWIDs should not only be focused on the primary drug used but also the use of alcohol and poly-drug use.

HIV Antibody Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Sex Workers, Drug Users, and Prisoners in Sindh, Pakistan

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehla Baqi ◽  
Naheed Nabi ◽  
Syed N. Hasan ◽  
Amir J. Khan ◽  
Omrana Pasha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

HIV incidence and associated risk factors among young injection drug users

AIDS ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cari L. Miller ◽  
Mark Tyndall ◽  
Patricia Spittal ◽  
Kathy Li ◽  
Nancy LaLiberte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Associated Risk Factors
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