scholarly journals Antiretroviral therapy, CD4, viral load, and disease stage in HIV patients in Saudi Arabia: a 2001–2013 cross-sectional study

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 765-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziad A Memish ◽  
Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq ◽  
Sanaa M Filemban ◽  
Syed Qutb ◽  
Abdullah Fodail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction: The incidence of HIV/AIDS is increasing worldwide and in the Middle East. In this study, we analyzed the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the patterns of CD4 and viral load (VL), and stage of presentation. Methodology: Laboratory variables, ART use, and CD4 count were obtained and analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 997 cases from eight HIV/AIDS care providers were included. Of the total cases, 274 (28.3%) had a CD4 count of < 200 cells/mm3, and 413 (42.3%) had a viral load of > 5 log10. Of the total cases, 50% were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and the majority of cases were asymptomatic (70%). Of those patients on ART, 247 (39.5%) took tenofovir/emtricitabine combined with either efavirenz (147; 14.7%) or lopinavir/ritonavir (100; 10%), and 158 (15.8%) were on lamivudine and zidovudine with either efavirenz (32; 3.2%) or lopinavir/ritonavir (126; 12.6%). Other combinations were used in 70 (7%) patients. The mean (± standard deviation) of baseline CD4 and viral load were 401 cells/mm3 (322 cells/mm3) and 4.6 log1010 (1.3 log10), respectively. At diagnosis, 72% of patients were asymptomatic; 50% had AIDS and 20% had CD4 count < 350. Conclusions: ART use was in line with international guidelines, but the number of patients receiving ART was lower than expected. Large proportions of cases presented late with AIDS at diagnosis or had CD4 < 350. Further data is needed to evaluate the medical care of patients with HIV/AIDS in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Depression and suicidal ideation among HIV seropositive patients attending the special treatment clinic of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Elvis Mbu Bisong ◽  
Chidi John Okafor ◽  
Agam Ebaji Ayuk ◽  
Udeme Essien Asibong ◽  
Henry Ohem Okpa
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Hiv Aids

Objectives: The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy and innovations in healthcare has contributed in improving the lives of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AID. Patients infected with HIV are more susceptible to develop psychiatric illnesses. Depression is common among patients suffering from chronic illness such as HIV/AIDS and can exacerbate these illnesses. Depression has been observed to be twice as common in HIV seropositive individuals than in the general population. Undiagnosed and untreated depression in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS could lead to poor adherence to medications and lower quality of life. Depression is associated with rapid HIV disease progression. The diagnosis of HIV infection may be associated with feelings of anger, denial, sadness, guilt feelings, loss of self-esteem among others. These negative feelings could lead to suicidal ideation and attempted suicide or suicide. We sought to determine the prevalence rates, sociodemographics and predictors, of depression and suicidal ideation among study participants. Material and methods: Two hundred and two adult participants who met the inclusion criteria were recruited into the study. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview English version 6.0.0 was employed to diagnose depression and suicidal ideation. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0. Significant levels were set at P < 0.05. Results: This study revealed prevalence rates of 11.4% for depression and 7.9% for suicidal ideation among study participants. Majority of the participants were females in the young age group category of 30–40 years (45%) with mostly secondary education (47.8%), most had a higher CD4 count greater than 200 cells/µL (82.6%) and were mainly on zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine combination therapy (56.5%). Mean age, CD4 count, and viral load levels were lower in HIV patients with depression but were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CD4 count and viral load were not significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Lower age (30–40 years) was significantly associated with suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). Suicidal ideation is a predictor of depression in the same way depression is a predictor of suicidal ideation (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Routine screening for depression and suicidal ideation especially among younger HIV/AIDS patients is recommended in the clinic setting.

scholarly journals Undernutrition and associated factors among adult HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsegu Hailu Gebru ◽  
Haftea Hagos Mekonen ◽  
Kbrom Gemechu Kiros
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Zone ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Undernutrition and HIV/AIDS are highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopia inclusive as linked in a vicious cycle. Thus, several studies have documented that undernutrition among HIV/AIDS patients increases the risk of mortality, decrease survival rates, affect the overall clinical outcome and quality of life. Despite this fact, information about the burden of undernutrition and associated factors among adults receiving antiretroviral therapy is lacking in the particular study area. Hence, this study aimed to examine the prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among adult HIV/AIADS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy patients in Eastern Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional research design was adopted in data collection while systematic sampling technique was employed to sample and select the study subjects. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from 394 study subjects through face to face method. Also, data on demographics, laboratory and anthropometric variables were collected from each selected patients sampled. The data collected were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22.. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence interval were used to find factors associated with undernutrition. The adjusted odds ratio was calculated to show the strength of the association. Variables with p-value of < 0.05 were considered statically significant. Results The mean age of the respondents was 41 (± 10). Out of 394 study respondents, about 42.9% of them were undernourished (95% CI: 37.8–47.7). Respondents who had CD4+ count less than 200 cells/μl (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1–3.36), being advanced clinical staging (AOR = 3.6; 95% CI: 2.11–6.18), and not taking co-trimoxazole preventive therapy (AOR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.21–4.6) were independently associated with undernutrition. Conclusion The result of this study indicated that the prevalence of undernutrition was high. Respondents with advanced clinical stage of CD4+ count less than 200 cells/ul and those that were not taking co-trimoxazole preventive therapy was found to be positively associated with undernutrition. Therefore, the implementation of nutritional programs is very crucial to improve the nutritional status of HIV/AIDS patients in the particular study.

scholarly journals Liver Enzymes Abnormalities among Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Experienced and HAART Naïve HIV-1 Infected Patients at Debre Tabor Hospital, North West Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melashu Balew Shiferaw ◽  
Ketema Tafess Tulu ◽  
Amtatachew Moges Zegeye ◽  
Amarech Asratie Wubante
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Liver Enzyme ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv 1

Liver disease has emerged as the most common non-AIDS-related cause of death in HIV patients. However, there is limited data regarding this condition including our setting in Ethiopia. Hence, liver enzyme abnormalities among highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) experienced and HAART naïve patients were assessed in this study. A total of 164 HAART experienced and 164 HAART naïve patients were studied. Blood specimen was collected to determine alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), CD4 count, and viral hepatitis. The prevalence of liver enzyme abnormality was 20.1% and 22.0% among HAART experienced and HAART naïve patients, respectively. The HAART experienced patients had higher mean ALT than HAART naïve patients (P=0.002). Viral hepatitis (AOR = 6.02; 95% CI = 1.87–19.39), opportunistic infections (AOR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.04–8.19), current CD4 count <200 cells/mm3(AOR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.06–4.39), and male sex (AOR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.001–3.33) were associated with elevated ALT and/or AST. In conclusion, liver enzyme abnormalities were high in both HAART experienced and HAART naïve HIV-1 infected patients. Hence, monitoring and management of liver enzyme abnormalities in HIV-1 infected patients are important in our setting.

scholarly journals Impact of default rate of antiretroviral use on viral load among HIV/AIDS patients in Tamale and Sunyani

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
James Abugri
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
P Value ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) for persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is the gold standard for the management of HIV patients. Purportedly, patients who are not on HAART or defaulted from its use have adverse effects compared to those who adhere to the intake of HAART. Compliant individuals have improved quality of life and show healthy hematological parameters and HIV load as compared to HAART naïve individuals and defaulters. Supplementary and supportive treatment is crucial in HIV/AIDS patients on patients on antiretroviral therapy? Objective: This study was conducted to assess the consistency and default of HAART intake and other supportive treatments and its relationship with viral load on hematological parameters in two different geographical sites. Methods: Ethical clearance was obtained from Navrongo Health Research Centre. Questionnaires were administered to participants for their consent, demographic data, consistency of taking antiretrovirals, and types of antiretrovirals used. Full blood count and HIV load tests were carried out using Urit 5250 and Cobas Taqman / Cobas ampliprep fully automated analysers respectively. Results: Defaulters had a significant (p value=0.003) rise in their viral load (845334.38±409285.62) copies/mL in comparison to adherents in HAART intake 49571.69±30548.89) copies/mL. The hemoglobin level (10.51±0.60 g/dL) of defaulters was significantly (p-value = 0.007) lower than that of adherent (12.04±0.17 g/dL). The default rates in the two study sites were close (9.8% in Sunyani and 9.4% in Tamale). Conclusion: Antiretroviral default does not only lead to an increase in HIV load but also causes a reduction in hemoglobin levels. Hematinics supplementation therapy may help normalize hematological parameters in HIV infection

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on caregivers’ perspective of the quality of life and adherence of paediatric HIV patients to highly active antiretroviral therapy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lahai ◽  
Peter B. James ◽  
Noel N. Wannang ◽  
Haja R. Wurie ◽  
Sorie Conteh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Paediatric Hiv ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Non-compliance to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can lead to sub-therapeutic drug concentrations in children leading to emergence of drug resistance and poor quality of life in children with HIV/AIDS. This study assess the response of caregivers for determination of the percentage adherence, child and caregivers’ demographics and related characters to the four domains of quality of life in children (aged 14 years and under) on HAART. Methods A cross-sectional survey was done for 188 paediatric patients accompanied by their caregivers’ attending Ola During Children’s Hospital and Makeni Government Hospital between September and November 2016 in Sierra Leone with ethical approval obtained from the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee; Directorate of Policy and Planning, Ministry of Health and Sanitation. Adherence to HAART was measured as no indication of a missed dose in the past week or month using three adherence questions on dose in the past week or month. Quality of life was assessed using the four domains of the Quality of life summary questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) as the dependent variable and the demographic characteristics of caregiver and child as the independent variable. Inferential test was used to determine the association between variables and the regression model to determine association of significant variables to the four domains of the WHOQOL BREF. Results The study showed 5.9% adherence among 188 paediatric HIV/AIDs patients. Caregiver HIV status and caregiver type were also found to be associated with quality of life domains with high mean values for HIV positive caregivers and caregiver type that included a member of the nuclear family (father, mother or siblings). Conclusion This study showed strong association for involvement of caregiver that includes the nuclear family, caregiver’s knowledge of their HIV status and adherence to HAART. Therefore, these factors can improve the quality of life of paediatric HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

scholarly journals Detection of HIV-1 viral load in tears of HIV/AIDS patients

Infection ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 929-933
Author(s):  
Yujing Qian ◽  
Zunyou Wu ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Kuifang Du ◽  
Wenbin Wei
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Plasma Viral Load ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Objectives The tear, as an important bodily secretion, plays a crucial role in preventing infection and maintaining homeostasis of ocular surfaces. Although accumulating studies have reported on the HIV-1 viral load profile among varying bodily fluids and secretions, little was known concerning HIV-1 dynamics in tears. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the HIV-1 viral load in tears of HIV/AIDS patients and study factors influencing their tear viral load. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. 67 patients with a confirmed HIV-1 infection or AIDS were recruited from the Beijing You’an Hospital, China between April 2018 and September 2018. Socio-demographic information and laboratory test results were collected. At the same time, ophthalmic examinations were carried out and tear samples were tested. Results Of 30 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-naïve patients, 53.3% had detectable HIV-1 RNA in tears. Of 37 patients on HAART, HIV-1 RNA was undetectable in their tears, regardless of treatment duration and blood viral load. Tear viral load ranged from TND (target not detected) to 13,096 copies/mL. Viral load was lower in tears than in blood plasma (p < 0.001), and was significantly correlated with plasma viral load (Rho = 0.566, p < 0.001) and AIDS stage (Rho = 0.312, p = 0.01), but negatively correlated with CD4 + T cell count, CD4 +/CD8 + T cell count, and duration of HIV infection (Rho = -0.450, Rho = − 0.464, Rho = − 0.565; p < 0.001). Conclusions HIV-1 RNA is present in tears of more than half of the HAART-naïve patients, whereas absent in tears of patients on HAART. Tear viral load is positively associated with plasma viral load while it is negatively correlated with CD4 cell count. This study provides novel insights into the area with limited understanding–HIV-1 viral load in tears.

Leisure time physical activity prevents accumulation of central fat in HIV/AIDS subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 692-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Antonio Florindomph ◽  
Maria do Rosario Dias de Oliveira Latorre ◽  
Patrícia Constante Jaime ◽  
Aluísio Augusto Cotrim Segurado
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv Aids

The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between habitual physical activity and body fat in HIV/AIDS subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy. This was a cross-sectional study covering 169 men and 51 women. It was conducted at the AIDS Clinic of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo. The dependent variables analysed were central subcutaneous fat (CSF) and waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR). The independent variable was the score for leisure time physical activity (LTPA). The control variables were sex, age, education, energy intake, body mass index, smoking, diagnosis of AIDS, T-CD4+ lymphocyte levels and duration of use of protease inhibitors. Multiple linear regressions were used for statistical analysis. After controls, there was significant negative correlation for LTPA with CSF ( β=−2.849; Pvariable=0.013; r2adjusted=0.65; Pmodel<0.001), and LTPA was in the limit of the significance with WHR ( β=−0.005; Pvariable=0.073; r2adjusted=0.41; Pmodel<0.001). Physical activity contributed towards preventing fat accumulation in HIV/AIDS subjects.

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