scholarly journals Recommended advanced techniques for waterborne pathogen detection in developing countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah S Alhamlan ◽  
Ahmed Ali Al-Qahtani ◽  
Mohammed N. Ahmed Al-Ahdal
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

The effect of human activities on water resources has expanded dramatically during the past few decades, leading to the spread of waterborne microbial pathogens. The total global health impact of human infectious diseases associated with pathogenic microorganisms from land-based wastewater pollution was estimated to be approximately three million disability-adjusted life years (DALY), with an estimated economic loss of nearly 12 billion US dollars per year. Although clean water is essential for healthy living, it is not equally granted to all humans. Indeed, people who live in developing countries are challenged every day by an inadequate supply of clean water. Polluted water can lead to health crises that in turn spread waterborne pathogens. Taking measures to assess the water quality can prevent these potential risks. Thus, a pressing need has emerged in developing countries for comprehensive and accurate assessments of water quality. This review presents current and emerging advanced techniques for assessing water quality that can be adopted by authorities in developing countries.

Monitoring and predicting water quality for smart urban water infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Coraggio ◽  
Dawei Han ◽  
Theo Tryfonas ◽  
Weiru Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Resources Management

<p>Water resources management is a delicate, complex and challenging task. It involves monitoring quality, quantity, timing and distribution of water in order to meet the needs of the population’s usage demand. Nowadays these decisions have to be made in a continuously evolving landscape where quantity and quality of water resources change in time with uncertainty.</p><p>Throughout history, access to clean water has always been a huge desire from urban settlements. People built towns and villages close to water sources. In most cases, streams brought clean water in and washed away polluted water. Nowadays the largest strains on water quality typically occur within urban areas, with degradation coming from point and diffuse sources of pollutants and alteration of natural flow through built-up areas.</p><p>Municipalities are acting to reduce the impact of climate change on existing cities and meet the needs of the growing urban population. In many places around the world costal flood defences were built involving construction of barriers that lock the tide and keep the water coming from in-land rivers creating reservoirs close to the shore.</p><p>These man-made barriers stop the natural cleaning action of the tide on transitional waters. This causes severe water quality problems like eutrophication and high levels of bacteria. On the positive side, these water reservoirs are used as recreational water, drinking water, agricultural water. As many more people are moving to live in urban areas, its overall demand for clean water and discharge of polluted water is constantly growing. Hence monitoring and foreseeing water quality in these urban surface waters is fundamental in order to be able to meet the water demand in future scenarios.</p><p>Many cities have already successfully implemented smart water technologies in many types of the water infrastructures. Monitoring water quality has always been a challenging and costly task. It has been so far the most difficult water characteristic to monitor remotely in real time. Lack of high frequency and accurate data has always been one of the main challenges. Today, using information and communication technologies (ICT) is possible to set up a real time water quality monitoring system that will allow to deepen the understanding of water quality dynamics leading to a better management of urban water resources.</p><p>A case study will be presented where a real time water quality monitoring system for the surface water of Bristol Floating Harbour has been deployed in the UK and water quality data have been analysed using artificial intelligence algorithms in order to understand the link between ambient weather data (i.e., precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, wind, etc.) and surface water pollution. Preliminary results of a water quality prediction model will also be presented showing the capabilities of predicting water quality as a new tool in municipality’s decision-making processes and water resources management.</p>

Water Quality Monitoring, Early Warning and Identification of Risk Sources of South Lake Central Ecological Park in Tangshan City

2013 ◽  
Vol 746 ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Jun Wang Tong ◽  
Shou Fang Jiang ◽  
Liu Nan ◽  
Shao Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Sample Points

Objectives To assess the current eutrophication and heavy metal pollution condition of South Lake by monitoring the water quality of South Lake Central Ecological Park in Tangshan city and to provide basic information and science basis for the continuity environmental monitoring and further treatment. Methods The water samples in South Lake were collected during 10th-12st May, 2011. Samples of surface water in Xixingchi, Yanglongshui, and Qingtianjing were determined temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD520), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and so on. Single water quality index and the integrated pollution index were calculated to assess water quality of sampling point. Results The sense character of all sample points did not accord with national standards.The BOD520 of Xixingchi, West Yanglongshui, North Yanglongshui and the four sampling points of Qingtianjing were more than national standards. The TP, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen of Qingtianjings sample points exceeded national standards. Indicatorss of other sample were accord with national standards. Xixingchi, whichs comprehensive pollution index was 0.27, belonged to clean water. Yanglongshui, which`s comprehensive pollution index was 0.22, belonged to clean water too. Qingtianjing, whichs comprehensive pollution index was 1.99, belonged to polluted waters. Conclusions Xixingchi and Yanglongshui belongs to clean water. Qingtianjing belongs polluted water. The TP, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen of Qingtianjings four sample points exceeded national standards. The severity of the pollution is: Qingtianjing>Yanglongshui>Xixingchi.

Lead emissions from the use of leaded avgas in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Onder Altuntas
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Marmara Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ecosystem Quality ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to present the impact of using leaded avgas in piston-prop aircraft, in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach Increasing air traffic directly increases the total amount of consumed aviation fuels (kerosene or avgas). The number of aircraft and traffic that will increase soon will further increase fuel consumption. For this reason, aircraft power generation methods (long term) must be changed or the fuel must be improved (short term). The avgas used in piston-prop aircraft is known to contain lead and as a result, the production or consumption of avgas has adverse effects on human health, the ecosystem quality and resources. Findings The overall human health impact, ecosystem quality impact and resource impact in Turkey were determined to be 2.83 disability-adjusted life years, 1.21 × 10−04 species.yr and $138, respectively. According to the results, although the normalized total effect of Turkey was calculated as 208.18 nkg, 43.89% of the total was observed in the Marmara region. Originality/value The originality is the use of real-time values for all calculations. For the purpose of showing the most impacted or damaged regions in Turkey via a life cycle analysis, a new definition, the normalized total effect in nkg, is defined in this study.

Global stroke burden and prevention strategies

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Rita Krishnamurthi ◽  
Valery L Feigin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

The absolute numbers of stroke and the worldwide prevalence of stroke are set to increase, due to population ageing, population growth, and increased exposure to risk factors, especially in developing countries. The continued surveillance of stroke burden, in terms of incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality, as well as trends in the prevalence and attributable stroke burden of associated risk factors is crucial for informing management and prevention strategies. The Global Burden of Studies provides the most accurate estimates of current stroke burden as well as trends in stroke burden since 1990, in terms of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALYs. This chapter presents the findings of GBD 2015 for stroke burden, as well as trends in global and regional stroke burden and risk factors since 1990.

An assessment of the human health impact of seven leading foodborne pathogens in the United States using disability adjusted life years

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (13) ◽  
pp. 2795-2804 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. SCALLAN ◽  
R. M. HOEKSTRA ◽  
B. E. MAHON ◽  
T. F. JONES ◽  
P. M. GRIFFIN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health State ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Health States ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Safety Interventions

SUMMARYWe explored the overall impact of foodborne disease caused by seven leading foodborne pathogens in the United States using the disability adjusted life year (DALY). We defined health states for each pathogen (acute illness and sequelae) and estimated the average annual incidence of each health state using data from public health surveillance and previously published estimates from studies in the United States, Canada and Europe. These pathogens caused about 112 000 DALYs annually due to foodborne illnesses acquired in the United States. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (32 900) and Toxoplasma (32 700) caused the most DALYs, followed by Campylobacter (22 500), norovirus (9900), Listeria monocytogenes (8800), Clostridium perfringens (4000), and Escherichia coli O157 (1200). These estimates can be used to prioritize food safety interventions. Future estimates of the burden of foodborne disease in DALYs would be improved by addressing important data gaps and by the development and validation of US-specific disability weights for foodborne diseases.

scholarly journals Analysis of a Cooperation and Interventional Model in Humanitarian Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano M. Marianeschi ◽  
Nicola Uricchio ◽  
Gianandrea Bern Cerri ◽  
Simone Ghiselli ◽  
Cristina Carro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Humanitarian Mission ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Medical Teams ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Background: Every year, around 15 million children, in developing countries, die or develop life-long disabilities because of congenital cardiac diseases. In this report we measure the effect of a pediatric cardiac surgery humanitarian project on the health of the individual and on the potential influence this has on the countries economy and its growing health services.Methods: We collected and analyzed data from the Italian NGO, Mission Bambini's database, including all congenital cardiac missions undertaken in Cambodia between 2012 and 2019. DALY's (Disability Adjusted Life Years) saved by the humanitarian mission were estimated and used to reflect on the impact this had on the populations economy. Progression in the local medical teams skills emulated the advancements made in the health sector of the region.Results: Between 2012 and 2019, 128 patients underwent a congenital cardiac operation at Angkor Hospital for Children at Siem Reap, Cambodia. The median age was 6 years. The majority of the pathologies included VSD, TOF, ASD. The mean Aristotle's Complexity Score was 6. Post-operative mortality was 0.8% (1/128). The cost-effectiveness analysis identified 5.360 DALY's saved by surgery. The competency of the local team was progressive with them being able to handle more complex cases on subsequent missions.Conclusion: In developing Countries, performing congenital cardiac surgery cases can be carried out successfully with improvement in both the economy and the health system of the country by increasing the years and the quality of life of the working population and developing the expertise of the regional team.

scholarly journals Stroke Prevalence, Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years in Adults Aged 20-64 Years in 1990-2013: Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita V. Krishnamurthi ◽  
Andrew E. Moran ◽  
Valery L. Feigin ◽  
Suzanne Barker-Collo ◽  
Bo Norrving ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Stroke Prevalence ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The World

Background: Recent evidence suggests that stroke is increasing as a cause of morbidity and mortality in younger adults, where it carries particular significance for working individuals. Accurate and up-to-date estimates of stroke burden are important for planning stroke prevention and management in younger adults. Objectives: This study aims to estimate prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and their trends for total, ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) in the world for 1990-2013 in adults aged 20-64 years. Methodology: Stroke prevalence, mortality and DALYs were estimated using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 methods. All available data on rates of stroke incidence, excess mortality, prevalence and death were collected. Statistical models were used along with country-level covariates to estimate country-specific stroke burden. Stroke-specific disability weights were used to compute years lived with disability and DALYs. Means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for prevalence, mortality and DALYs. The median of the percent change and 95% UI were determined for the period from 1990 to 2013. Results: In 2013, in younger adults aged 20-64 years, the global prevalence of HS was 3,725,085 cases (95% UI 3,548,098-3,871,018) and IS was 7,258,216 cases (95% UI 6,996,272-7,569,403). Globally, between 1990 and 2013, there were significant increases in absolute numbers and prevalence rates of both HS and IS for younger adults. There were 1,483,707 (95% UI 1,340,579-1,658,929) stroke deaths globally among younger adults but the number of deaths from HS (1,047,735 (95% UI 945,087-1,184,192)) was significantly higher than the number of deaths from IS (435,972 (95% UI 354,018-504,656)). There was a 20.1% (95% UI -23.6 to -10.3) decline in the number of total stroke deaths among younger adults in developed countries but a 36.7% (95% UI 26.3-48.5) increase in developing countries. Death rates for all strokes among younger adults declined significantly in developing countries from 47 (95% UI 42.6-51.7) in 1990 to 39 (95% UI 35.0-43.8) in 2013. Death rates for all strokes among younger adults also declined significantly in developed countries from 33.3 (95% UI 29.8-37.0) in 1990 to 23.5 (95% UI 21.1-26.9) in 2013. A significant decrease in HS death rates for younger adults was seen only in developed countries between 1990 and 2013 (19.8 (95% UI 16.9-22.6) and 13.7 (95% UI 12.1-15.9)) per 100,000). No significant change was detected in IS death rates among younger adults. The total DALYs from all strokes in those aged 20-64 years was 51,429,440 (95% UI 46,561,382-57,320,085). Globally, there was a 24.4% (95% UI 16.6-33.8) increase in total DALY numbers for this age group, with a 20% (95% UI 11.7-31.1) and 37.3% (95% UI 23.4-52.2) increase in HS and IS numbers, respectively. Conclusions: Between 1990 and 2013, there were significant increases in prevalent cases, total deaths and DALYs due to HS and IS in younger adults aged 20-64 years. Death and DALY rates declined in both developed and developing countries but a significant increase in absolute numbers of stroke deaths among younger adults was detected in developing countries. Most of the burden of stroke was in developing countries. In 2013, the greatest burden of stroke among younger adults was due to HS. While the trends in declining death and DALY rates in developing countries are encouraging, these regions still fall far behind those of developed regions of the world. A more aggressive approach toward primary prevention and increased access to adequate healthcare services for stroke is required to substantially narrow these disparities.

scholarly journals Stroke Prevalence, Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years in Children and Youth Aged 0-19 Years: Data from the Global and Regional Burden of Stroke 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita V. Krishnamurthi ◽  
Gabrielle deVeber ◽  
Valery L. Feigin ◽  
Suzanne Barker-Collo ◽  
Heather Fullerton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Childhood Stroke ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Stroke Prevalence ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Absolute

Background: There is increasing recognition of stroke as an important contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality. Current estimates of global childhood stroke burden and its temporal trends are sparse. Accurate and up-to-date estimates of childhood stroke burden are important for planning research and the resulting evidence-based strategies for stroke prevention and management. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and all stroke types combined globally from 1990 to 2013. Methodology: Stroke prevalence, mortality and DALYs were estimated using the Global Burden of Disease 2013 methods. All available data on stroke-related incidence, prevalence, excess mortality and deaths were collected. Statistical models and country-level covariates were employed to produce comprehensive and consistent estimates of prevalence and mortality. Stroke-specific disability weights were used to estimate years lived with disability and DALYs. Means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for prevalence, mortality and DALYs. The median of the percent change and 95% UI were determined for the period from 1990 to 2013. Results: In 2013, there were 97,792 (95% UI 90,564-106,016) prevalent cases of childhood IS and 67,621 (95% UI 62,899-72,214) prevalent cases of childhood HS, reflecting an increase of approximately 35% in the absolute numbers of prevalent childhood strokes since 1990. There were 33,069 (95% UI 28,627-38,998) deaths and 2,615,118 (95% UI 2,265,801-3,090,822) DALYs due to childhood stroke in 2013 globally, reflecting an approximately 200% decrease in the absolute numbers of death and DALYs in childhood stroke since 1990. Between 1990 and 2013, there were significant increases in the global prevalence rates of childhood IS, as well as significant decreases in the global death rate and DALYs rate of all strokes in those of age 0-19 years. While prevalence rates for childhood IS and HS decreased significantly in developed countries, a decline was seen only in HS, with no change in prevalence rates of IS, in developing countries. The childhood stroke DALY rates in 2013 were 13.3 (95% UI 10.6-17.1) for IS and 92.7 (95% UI 80.5-109.7) for HS per 100,000. While the prevalence of childhood IS compared to childhood HS was similar globally, the death rate and DALY rate of HS was 6- to 7-fold higher than that of IS. In 2013, the prevalence rate of both childhood IS and HS was significantly higher in developed countries than in developing countries. Conversely, both death and DALY rates for all stroke types were significantly lower in developed countries than in developing countries in 2013. Men showed a trend toward higher childhood stroke death rates (1.5 (1.3-1.8) per 100,000) than women (1.1 (0.9-1.5) per 100,000) and higher childhood stroke DALY rates (120.1 (100.8-143.4) per 100,000) than women (90.9 (74.6-122.4) per 100,000) globally in 2013. Conclusions: Globally, between 1990 and 2013, there was a significant increase in the absolute number of prevalent childhood strokes, while absolute numbers and rates of both deaths and DALYs declined significantly. The gap in childhood stroke burden between developed and developing countries is closing; however, in 2013, childhood stroke burden in terms of absolute numbers of prevalent strokes, deaths and DALYs remained much higher in developing countries. There is an urgent need to address these disparities with both global and country-level initiatives targeting prevention as well as improved access to acute and chronic stroke care.

scholarly journals Antidepressants and public health in Iceland

2004 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tómas Helgason ◽  
Helgi Tómasson ◽  
Tómas Zoëga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The Public ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Outpatient Visits ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is the second leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years in developed regions of the world and antidepressants are the third-ranking therapy class worldwide.AimsTo test the public health impact of the escalating sales of antidepressants.MethodNationwide data from Iceland are used as an example to study the effect of sales of antidepressants on suicide, disability, hospital admissions and outpatient visits.ResultsSales of antidepressants increased from 8.4 daily defined doses per 1000 inhabitants per day in 1975 to 72.7 in 2000, which is a user prevalence of 8.7% for the adult population. Suicide rates fluctuated during 1950–2000 but did not show any definite trend. Rates for outpatient visits increased slightly over the period 1989–2000 and admission rates increased even more. The prevalence of disability due to depressive and anxiety disorders has not decreased over the past 25 years.ConclusionsThe dramatic increase in the sales of antidepressants has not had any marked impact on the selected public health measures. Obviously, better treatment for depressive disorders is still needed in order to reduce the burden caused by them.

scholarly journals Increased Provision of Bioavailable Mg through Vegetables Could Significantly Reduce the Growing Health and Economic Burden Caused by Mg Malnutrition

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2513
Author(s):  
Dunyi Liu ◽  
Ming Lu ◽  
Prakash Lakshmanan ◽  
Ziyi Hu ◽  
Xinping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Mg Content

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral nutrient for human health and its deficiency associated with many diseases, including stroke, heart failure, and type 2 diabetes. Vegetables are an important source of dietary Mg for humans. In this study, we quantified vegetable Mg content by a global meat analysis, analyzed human health, and economic impact caused by Mg deficiency. Results revealed that vegetable Mg content showed a large variation with an average value of 19.3 mg 100 g−1 FW. Variation in per capita vegetable-Mg supply in different continents is largely ascribed to continental difference in the amount and the type of vegetables produced. The health and economic loss attributed to Mg deficiency are estimated to be 1.91 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 15.8 billion dollars (0.14% of GDP), respectively. A scenario analysis indicated that the increasing vegetable production (increased by 8.9% and 20.7% relative to 2017 in 2030 and 2050) and vegetable Mg content (increased by 22% through biofortification) could significantly reduce DALYs (1.24 million years) and economic burden (0.09% of GDP). This study could guide a major re-balance of production practices, species cultivated, and Mg biofortification to provide sufficient vegetable Mg for better human Mg nutrition.

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