scholarly journals Serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from pigs at slaughter in Kenya

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon M. Kikuvi ◽  
Jackson N. Ombui ◽  
Eric S. Mitema
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Safety Hazard ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Food Safety Risk

Background: Salmonellosis is considered one of the most widespread food-borne zoonoses in industrialized as well as developing countries. The presence of Salmonella in food animals at slaughter and the consequent cross-contamination of edible carcass tissues present a significant food safety hazard. Methodology: Samples were collected from randomly selected pigs at the Ndumbuini abattoir in Nairobi. Isolates were confirmed to be Salmonella by biochemical tests and characterised by serotyping, phage typing and plasmid analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight antimicrobials were determined and the resistant isolates were screened for resistance genes by PCR. Results: Sixteen (13.8%) of 116 samples were positive for Salmonella. Three Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars, namely Saintpaul, Braenderup, and Heidelberg were identified, S. Saintpaul being predominant. Antimicrobial resistance was found in 35.7% of the isolates. The S. Heidelberg isolates were susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance was found in 7.1% of the Salmonella isolates. Plasmids were only detected in S. Heidelberg. Ampicillin resistance was based on expression of a blaTEM gene, while chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline resistances were encoded by the genes catA1, strA, and tet(A), respectively. Conclusions: Pigs may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and slaughterhouse cross-contamination of pork may be a food safety risk.

Food Safety Standards, Trade & WTO

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushdeep Dharni ◽  
Sonika Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Food Safety Standards

With incidence of food-borne diseases, consumers have become more conscious of food safety. Share of high value food items in the export bounty from developing countries like India is on the rise. These high value food items such as fresh & processed fruits and vegetables, marine products, meat and its preparations are highly income elastic as well as sensitive from the viewpoint of food safety. Article 20 of GATT allows governments to act on trade in order to protect human, animal or plant life or health, provided they do not discriminate or use this as disguised protectionism. SPS Agreement sets out the basic rules concerning food safety and animal & plant health standards. It allows countries to set their own standards but also says that regulations must be based on science. With increased retail concentration ratio, large retailers in the developed countries are enforcing their own food safety standards and these standards are stringent as compared to standards of standard setting bodies of WTO. At times these standards are used for discrimination in international trade and are telling upon the exports from developing countries in terms of additional costs of compliance and lack of “harmonization” and difficulties in establishing “equivalence”. For the benefit of exporters from the developing countries and consumers of the developed countries, efforts must be made for encouraging harmonization in these private standards and reducing the resulting discrimination.

Towards an understanding ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium persistence in swine

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila K. Patterson ◽  
Hyeun Bum Kim ◽  
Klaudyna Borewicz ◽  
Richard E. Isaacson
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Phase Variation ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome ◽  
Food Safety Risk ◽  
Variation Process

AbstractSalmonella entericais an important food borne pathogen that is frequently carried by swine. Carrier animals pose a food safety risk because they can transmitS. entericato finished food products in the processing plant or by contamination of the environment. Environmental contamination has become increasingly important as non-animal foods (plant-based) have been implicated as sources ofS. enterica. The prevalence ofS. entericain swine is high and yet carrier animals remain healthy.S. entericahas developed a highly sophisticated set of virulence factors that allow it to adapt to host environments and to cause disease. It is assumed thatS. entericaalso has developed unique ways to maintain itself in animals and yet not cause disease. Here we describe our research to understand persistence. Specifically, data are presented that demonstrates that detection of most carrier animals requires specific stresses that causeS. entericato be shed from pigs. As well, we describe a phenotypic phase variation process that appears to be linked to the carrier state and a complex set of factors that control phenotypic phase variation. Finally, we describe how the composition of the gut bacterial microbiome may contribute to persistence and at the least howS. entericamight alter the composition of the gut bacterial microbiome.

scholarly journals EFSA launches public consultation on food-borne antimicrobial resistance as a biological hazard

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eurosurveillance editorial team
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Public Consultation ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Biological Hazard

The panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a draft opinion recently on the extent to which food serves as a vehicle for antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Microbiological Characterization of Grilled Meat “Tchatchanga” in Cotonou (Southern Benin): Enumeration, Isolation and Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Ousmane ASSIM ◽  
Victorien T. DOUGNON ◽  
Nicodème W. CHABI ◽  
Jerrold A. AGBANKPE ◽  
Alidah V. ANIAMBOSSOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Strain Resistance ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The City ◽  
Southern Benin

Collective food-borne diseases are the reason for a considerable number of deaths in developing countries. The contamination of meat is often noticed. The purpose of the present study was to enumerate, isolate and evaluate the resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in grilled meat consumed in Southern Benin. To achieve this goal, 30 thirty samples of grilled meat “Tchatchanga” were collected in three districts of the city of Cotonou. After collection, the samples were identified, stored in a cooler containing cold accumulator’s and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The resistance profile of the different isolated strains was then sought: 30% of the samples were contaminated with Escherichia coli and 100% with Staphylococci. In terms of hygienic quality, 70% of the samples were of unsatisfactory. Of the 30 staphylococcal strains, 11 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Regarding the strain resistance profile, 88.89% of the Escherichia coli strains were multi-resistant compared to 72.72% of Staphylococcus aureus. This study revealed the necessity of urgent actions to ensure food safety in Benin.

scholarly journals Contemporary food safety trends: Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic pathogens

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Petrovic ◽  
Dubravka Milanov ◽  
Radomir Ratajac
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Food Borne Pathogens ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Antimicrobial resistance is a daunting public health threat affecting both human and animal health and it is a cause for concern wherever antimicrobial agents are in use. The usage of antimicrobial drugs in food producing animals could result in a significant food safety issue - antimicrobial resistance among zoonotic bacteria in these animals. The resistant bacteria may then be transmitted to humans through the food supply and increase risk of treatment failures. Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are two examples of food borne pathogens in which increasing resistance gives rise to concern. No monitoring program has been applied in Serbia. Therefore, the Veterinary Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture financed three projects of the Scientific Veterinary Institute 'Novi Sad' to screen the spread of resistant food borne pathogens. The examinations have shown a similar situation as in the EU. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial drugs was found in 25-40.58% Salmonella spp. and 40-75.32% Campylobacter spp. isolates from poultry and pig carcasses. Zoonotic pathogens in food have to be controlled through a complete, continuous farm-to-fork system. Application of prophylactic and sanitary measures in farm breeding, slaughtering, food distribution and preparation of food in the kitchen may considerably reduce risk from the incidence of resistant zoonotic pathogens.

scholarly journals Street Vended Foods: Potential for Improving Food and Nutrition Security or A Risk Factor for Food borne Diseases in Developing Countries?

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Imathiu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Chemical Hazards ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Micronutrient Fortification ◽  
Deficiency Diseases

Street food selling is largely an informal nature of enterprise which is a common practice all over the world. In the third world countries, this normally unregulated practice is mainly used in solving socio-economic shortcomings through the provision of ready-to-eat meals at affordable prices as well as a means of providing employment. Street vended foods are readily available in many forms that the consumers can choose from, depending on their tastes and preferences, and also their affordability. Due to this, these foods, in one way or another, and directly and indirectly, can significantly influence human nutrition, food security and safety. Current literature indicates that increased consumption of street vended foods can immensely contribute to provision of nutrients and availability of food to millions of people worldwide. Of greatest importance in the current developments in street foods is the fact that they have been identified as probable means for micronutrient fortification in an effort to prevent nutritional deficiency diseases. These foods though, have potential risks to the consumers in terms of food safety issues linked to them. In the developing countries for instance, they are usually prepared under unhygienic conditions with little or no regard to food hygiene, a situation that often exposes the consumers to microbiological and chemical hazards that can have detrimental health effects in their lives. There is therefore an urgent need to promote food safety practices in the production and consumption of street vended foods, particularly in the developing countries where levels of hygiene standards are questionable, in order to ensure that the health of the consumers is safeguarded, and at the same time ensuring provision of nutritious, healthy and affordable foods that are easily accessible to all.

Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Phytotherapeutics with Focus on Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 2807-2816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Su Jang ◽  
Tímea Mosolygó
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Scientific Attention

: Bacteria within biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics and chemical agents than planktonic bacteria in suspension. Treatment of biofilm-associated infections inevitably involves high dosages and prolonged courses of antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is a potential risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to the high prevalence of AMR and its association with biofilm formation, investigation of more effective anti-biofilm agents is required. : From ancient times, herbs and spices have been used to preserve foods, and their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties are well known. Moreover, phytochemicals exert their anti-biofilm properties at sub-inhibitory concentrations without providing the opportunity for the emergence of resistant bacteria or harming the host microbiota. : With increasing scientific attention to natural phytotherapeutic agents, numerous experimental investigations have been conducted in recent years. The present paper aims to review the articles published in the last decade in order to summarize a) our current understanding of AMR in correlation with biofilm formation and b) the evidence of phytotherapeutic agents against bacterial biofilms and their mechanisms of action. The main focus has been put on herbal anti-biofilm compounds tested to date in association with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and food-borne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli).

Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons Among Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Children with Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Hanieh Eshaghi Zadeh ◽  
Hossein Fahimi ◽  
Fatemeh Fardsanei ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
C 30

Background: Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease worldwide. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is concerning. Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify class 1 integron genes and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea. Methods: A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from children with diarrhea. The isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for the presence of class 1 integron genes (i.e. intI1, sulI1, and qacEΔ1). Results: The most prevalent serotype was Enteritidis 36.7%, followed by Paratyphi C (30%), and Typhimurium (16.7%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (53.3%), followed by streptomycin (40%), and tetracycline (36.7%). Regarding class 1 integrons, 36.7%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of the isolates carried intI1, SulI, and qacEΔ1, respectively, most of which (81.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of class 1 integron was significantly associated with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline (p = 0.042). However, there was no association between class 1 integron and other antibiotics used in this study (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The high frequency of integron class 1 gene in MDR Salmonella strains indicates that these mobile genetic elements are versatile among different Salmonella serotypes, and associated with reduced susceptibility to many antimicrobials.

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